Pennsylvania Bulletin

PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 02-9b

[32 Pa.B. 17]

[Continued from previous Web Page]

3.5.  Earth Sciences

3.5.4.  GRADE 4 3.5.7.  GRADE 7 3.5.10.  GRADE 10 3.5.12.  GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .

A. Know basic landforms and earth history.
*  Describe earth processes (e.g., rusting, weathering, erosion) that have affected selected physical features in students' neighborhoods.
*  Identify various earth structures (e.g., mountains, faults, drainage basins) through the use of models.
*  Identify the composition of soil as weathered rock and decomposed organic remains.
*  Describe fossils and the type of environment they lived in (e.g., tropical, aquatic, desert).
A. Describe earth features and processes.
*  Describe major layers of the earth.
*  Describe the processes involved in the creation of geologic features (e.g., folding, faulting, volcanism, sedimentation) and that these processes seen today (e.g., erosion, weathering crustal plate movement) are similar to those in the past.
*  Describe the processes that formed Pennsylvania geologic structures and resources including mountains, glacial formations, water gaps and ridges.
*  Explain how the rock cycle affected rock formations in the state of Pennsylvania.
*  Distinguish between examples of rapid surface changes (e.g., landslides, earthquakes) and slow surface changes (e.g., weathering).
*  Identify living plants and animals that are similar to fossil forms.
A. Relate earth features and processes that change the earth.
*  Illustrate and explain plate tectonics as the mechanism of continental movement and sea floor changes.
*  Compare examples of change to the earth's surface over time as they related to continental movement and ocean basin formation (e.g., Delaware, Susquehanna, Ohio Rivers system formations, dynamics).
*  Interpret topographic maps to identify and describe significant geologic history/structures in Pennsylvania.
*  Evaluate and interpret geologic history using geologic maps.
*  Explain several methods of dating earth materials and structures.
*  Correlate rock units with general geologic time periods in the history of the earth.
*  Describe and identify major types of rocks and minerals.
A. Analyze and evaluate earth features and processes that change the earth.
*  Apply knowledge of geophysical processes to explain the formation and degradation of earth structures (e.g., mineral deposition, cave formations, soil composition).
*  Interpret geological evidence supporting evolution.
*  Apply knowledge of radioactive decay to assess the age of various earth features and objects.

B. Know types and uses of earth materials.
*  Identify uses of various earth materials (e.g., buildings, highways, fuels, growing plants).
*  Identify and sort earth materials according to a classification key (e.g., soil/rock type).
B. Recognize earth resources and how they affect everyday life.
*  Identify and locate significant earth resources (e.g., rock types, oil, gas, coal deposits) in Pennsylvania.
*  Explain the processes involved in the formation of oil and coal in Pennsylvania.
*  Explain the value and uses of different earth resources (e.g., selected minerals, ores, fuel sources, agricultural uses).
*  Compare the locations of human settlements as related to available resources.
B. Explain sources and uses of earth resources.
*  Compare the locations of strategic minerals and earth resources in the world with their geologic history using maps and global information systems.
*  Demonstrate the effects of sedimentation and erosion before and after a conservation plan is implemented.
*  Evaluate the impact of geologic activities/hazards (e.g., earthquakes, sinkholes, landslides).
*  Evaluate land use (e.g., agricultural, recreational, residential, commercial) in Pennsylvania based upon soil characteristics.
B. Analyze the availability, location and extraction of earth resources.
*  Describe how the location of earth's major resources has affected a country's strategic decisions.
*  Compare locations of earth features and country boundaries.
*  Analyze the impact of resources (e.g., coal deposits, rivers) on the life of Pennsylvania's settlements and cities.

C. Know basic weather elements.
*  Identify cloud types.
*  Identify weather patterns from data charts (including temperature, wind direction and speed, precipitation) and graphs of the data.
*  Explain how the different seasons effect plants, animals, food availability and daily human life.
C. Describe basic elements of meteorology.
*  Explain weather forecasts by interpreting weather data and symbols.
*  Explain the oceans' impact on local weather and the climate of a region.
*  Identify how cloud types, wind directions and barometric pressure changes are associated with weather patterns in different regions of the country.
*  Explain and illustrate the processes of cloud formation and precipitation.
*  Describe and illustrate the major layers of the earth's atmosphere.
*  Identify different air masses and global wind patterns and how they relate to the weather patterns in different regions of the U.S.
C. Interpret meteorological data.
*  Analyze information from meteorological instruments and online sources to predict weather patterns.
*  Describe weather and climate patterns on global levels.
*  Evaluate specific adaptations plants and animals have made that enable them to survive in different climates.
C. Analyze atmospheric energy transfers.
*  Describe how weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere.
*  Explain how unequal heating of the air, ocean and land produces wind and ocean currents.
*  Analyze the energy transformations that occur during the greenhouse effect and predict the long-term effects of increased pollutant levels in the atmosphere.
*  Analyze the mechanisms that drive a weather phenomena (e.g., El Nino, hurricane, tornado) using the correlation of three methods of heat energy transfer.

D. Recognize the earth's different water resources.
*  Know that approximately three-fourths of the earth is covered by water.
*  Identify and describe types of fresh and saltwater bodies.
*  Identify examples of water in the form of solid, liquid and gas on or near the surface of the earth.
*  Explain and illustrate evaporation and condensation.
*  Recognize other resources available from water (e.g., energy, transportation, minerals, food).
D. Explain the behavior and impact of the earth's water systems.
*  Explain the water cycle using the processes of evaporation and condensation.
*  Describe factors that affect evaporation and condensation.
*  Distinguish salt from fresh water (e.g., density, electrical conduction).
*  Compare the effect of water type (e.g., polluted, fresh, salt water) and the life contained in them.
*  Identify ocean and shoreline features (e.g., bays, inlets, spit, tidal marshes).
D. Assess the value of water as a resource.
*  Compare specific sources of potable water (e.g., wells, public systems, rivers) used by people in Pennsylvania.
*  Identify the components of a municipal/agricultural water supply system and a wastewater treatment system.
*  Relate aquatic life to water conditions (e.g., turbidity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, pressure).
*  Compare commercially important aquatic species in or near Pennsylvania.
*  Identify economic resources found in marine areas.
*  Assess the natural and man-made factors that affect the availability of clean water (e.g., rock and mineral deposits, man-made pollution).
D. Analyze the principles and history of hydrology.
*  Analyze the operation and effectiveness of a water purification and desalination system.
*  Evaluate the pros and cons of surface water appropriation for commercial and electrical use.
*  Analyze the historical development of water use in Pennsylvania (e.g., recovery of Lake Erie).
*  Compare the marine life and type of water found in the intertidal, neritic and bathyal zones.

Refer to Environment and Ecology Standards Categories 4.1, 4.3, 4.8 for standards that deal with
environmental impact of Earth structures and forces.

3.6.  Technology Education

3.6.4.  GRADE 4 3.6.7.  GRADE 7 3.6.10.  GRADE 10 3.6.12.  GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .

A. Know that biotechnologies relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting.
*  Identify agricultural and industrial production processes that involve plants and animals.
*  Identify waste management treatment processes.
*  Describe how knowledge of the human body influences or impacts ergonomic design.
*  Describe how biotechnology has impacted various aspects of daily life (e.g., health care, agriculture, waste treatment).
A. Explain biotechnologies that relate to related technologies of propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting.
*  Identify the environmental, societal and economic impacts that waste has in the environment.
*  Identify and explain the impact that a specific medical advancement has had on society.
*  Explain the factors that were taken into consideration when a specific object was designed.
*  Define and describe how fuels and energy can be generated through the process of biomass conversion.
*  Identify and group basic plant and animal production processes.
*  Explain the impact that agricultural science has had on biotechnology.
A. Apply biotechnologies that relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting.
*  Apply knowledge of plant and animal production processes in designing an improvement to existing processes.
*  Apply knowledge of biomedical technology applications in designing a solution to a simple medical problem (e.g., wheel chair design, artificial arteries).
*  Apply knowledge of how biomedical technology affects waste products in designing a solution that will result in reduced waste.
*  Apply ergonomic engineering factors when devising a solution to a specific problem.
*  Describe various methods of biochemical conversion.
*  Describe specific examples that reflect the impact that agricultural science has had on biotechnology.
A. Analyze biotechnologies that relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting.
*  Analyze and solve a complex production process problem using biotechnologies (e.g., hydroponics, fish farming, crop propagation).
*  Analyze specific examples where engineering has impacted society in protection, personal health application or physical enhancement.
*  Appraise and evaluate the cause and effect and subsequent environmental, economic and societal impacts that result from biomass and biochemical conversion.
*  Evaluate and apply biotechnical processes to complex plant and animal production methods.
*  Apply knowledge of biochemical-related technologies to propose alternatives to hazardous waste treatment.
*  Apply knowledge of agricultural science to solve or improve a biochemical related problem.

B. Know that information technologies involve encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding.
*  Identify electronic communication methods that exist in the community (e.g., digital cameras, telephone, internet, television, fiber optics).
*  Identify graphic reproduction methods.
*  Describe appropriate image generating techniques (e.g., photography, video).
*  Demonstrate the ability to communicate an idea by applying basic sketching and drawing techniques.
B. Explain information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding.
*  Demonstrate the effectiveness of image generating technique to communicate a story (e.g., photography, video).
*  Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of a graphic object designed and produced to communicate a thought or concept.
*  Apply basic technical drawing techniques to communicate an idea or solution to a problem.
*  Apply the appropriate method of communications technology to communicate a thought.
B. Apply knowledge of information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding.
*  Describe the proper use of graphic and electronic communication systems.
*  Apply a variety of advanced mechanical and electronic drafting methods to communicate a solution to a specific problem.
*  Apply and analyze advanced communication techniques to produce an image that effectively conveys a message (e.g., desktop publishing, audio and/or video production).
*  Illustrate an understanding of a computer network system by modeling, constructing or assembling its components.
B. Analyze knowledge of information technologies of processes encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding.
*  Apply and analyze advanced information techniques to produce a complex image that effectively conveys a message (e.g., desktop publishing, audio and/or video production).
*  Analyze and evaluate a message designed and produced using still, motion and animated communication techniques.
*  Describe the operation of fiber optic, microwave and satellite informational systems.
*  Apply various graphic and electronic information techniques to solve real world problems (e.g., data organization and analysis, forecasting, interpolation).

C. Know physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, finance, production, marketing, research and design.
*  Identify and group a variety of construction tasks.
*  Identify the major construction systems present in a specific local building.
*  Identify specific construction systems that depend on each other in order to complete a project.
*  Know skills used in construction.
*  Identify examples of manufactured goods present in the home and school.
*  Identify basic resources needed to produce a manufactured item.
*  Identify basic component operations in a specific manufacturing enterprise (e.g., cutting, shaping, attaching).
*  Identify waste and pollution resulting from a manufacturing enterprise.
*  Explain and demonstrate the concept of manufacturing (e.g., assemble a set of papers or ball point pens sequentially, mass produce an object).
*  Identify transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
*  Identify and experiment with simple machines used in transportation systems.
*  Explain how improved transportation systems have changed society.
C. Explain physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design.
*  Use knowledge of material effectiveness to solve specific construction problems (e.g., steel vs. wood bridges).
*  Differentiate among the different types of construction applications (e.g., microwave tower, power plants, aircrafts).
*  Explain basic material processes that manufactured objects undergo during production (e.g., separating, forming, combining).
*  Evaluate a construction activity by specifying task analyses and necessary resources.
*  Explain the relationships among the basic resources needed in the production process for a specific manufactured object.
*  Explain the difference between design engineering and production engineering processes.
*  Analyze manufacturing steps that affect waste and pollutants.
*  Explain transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
*  Identify and explain the workings of several mechanical power systems.
*  Model and explain examples of vehicular propulsion, control, guidance, structure and suspension systems.
*  Explain the limitations of land, marine, air and space transportation systems.
C. Apply physical technologies to structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design to real world problems.
*  Describe and classify common construction by their characteristics and composition.
*  Compare and contrast specific construction systems that depend on each other in order to complete a project.
*  Evaluate material failure common to specific applications.
*  Demonstrate knowledge of various construction systems by building or interpreting models.
*  Select and apply the necessary resources to successfully conduct a manufacturing enterprise.
*  Apply concepts of design engineering and production engineering in the organization and application of a manufacturing activity.
*  Apply the concepts of manufacturing by redesigning an enterprise to improve productivity or reduce or eliminate waste and/or pollution.
*  Evaluate the interrelationship of various transportation systems in the community.
*  Analyze the impacts that transportation systems have on a community.
C. Analyze physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design to real world problems.
*  Apply knowledge of construction technology by designing, planning and applying all the necessary resources to successfully solve a construction problem.
*  Compare resource options in solving a specific manufacturing problem.
*  Analyze and apply complex skills needed to process materials in complex manufacturing enterprises.
*  Apply advanced information collection and communication techniques to successfully convey solutions to specific construction problems.
*  Assess the importance of capital on specific construction applications.
*  Analyze the positive and negative qualities of several different types of materials as they would relate to specific construction applications.
*  Analyze transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
*  Analyze the concepts of vehicular propulsion, guidance, control, suspension and structural systems while designing and producing specific complex transportation systems.

3.7.  Technological Devices

3.7.4.  GRADE 4 3.7.7.  GRADE 7 3.7.10.  GRADE 10 3.7.12.  GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .

A. Explore the use of basic tools, simple materials and techniques to safely solve problems.
*  Describe the scientific principles on which various tools are based.
*  Group tools and machines by their function.
*  Select and safely apply appropriate tools and materials to solve simple problems.
A. Describe the safe and appropriate use of tools, materials and techniques to answer questions and solve problems.
*  Identify uses of tools, machines, materials, information, people, money, energy and time that meet specific design criteria.
*  Describe safe procedures for using tools and materials.
*  Assess materials for appropriateness of use.
A. Identify and safely use a variety of tools, basic machines, materials and techniques to solve problems and answer questions.
*  Select and safely apply appropriate tools, materials and processes necessary to solve complex problems.
*  Apply advanced tool and equipment manipulation techniques to solve problems.
A. Apply advanced tools, materials and techniques to answer complex questions.
*  Demonstrate the safe use of complex tools and machines within their specifications.
*  Select and safely apply appropriate tools, materials and processes necessary to solve complex problems that could result in more than one solution.
*  Evaluate and use technological resources to solve complex multi-step problems.

B. Select appropriate instruments to study materials.
*  Develop simple skills to measure, record, cut and fasten.
*  Explain appropriate instrument selection for specific tasks.
B. Use appropriate instruments and apparatus to study materials.
*  Select appropriate instruments to measure the size, weight, shape and temperature of living and non-living objects.
*  Apply knowledge of different measurement systems to measure and record objects' properties.
B. Apply appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes.
*  Describe and use appropriate instruments to gather and analyze data.
*  Compare and contrast different scientific measurement systems; select the best measurement system for a specific situation.
*  Explain the need to estimate measurements within error of various instruments.
*  Apply accurate measurement knowledge to solve everyday problems.
*  Describe and demonstrate the operation and use of advanced instrumentation in evaluating material and chemical properties (e.g., scanning electron microscope, nuclear magnetic resonance machines).
B. Evaluate appropriate instruments and apparatus to accurately measure materials and processes.
*  Apply and evaluate the use of appropriate instruments to accurately measure scientific and technologic phenomena within the error limits of the equipment.
*  Evaluate the appropriate use of different measurement scales (macro and micro).
*  Evaluate the utility and advantages of a variety of absolute and relative measurement scales for their appropriate application.

Computer literacy, including the use of hardware and software in standard statements C, D, and E, should be integrated across all content areas.

C. Identify basic computer operations and concepts.
*  Identify the major parts necessary for a computer to input and output data.
*  Explain and demonstrate the basic use of input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse).
*  Explain and demonstrate the use of external and internal storage devices (e.g., disk drive, CD drive).
C. Explain and demonstrate basic computer operations and concepts.
*  Know specialized computer applications used in the community.
*  Describe the function of advanced input and output devices (e.g., scanners, video images, plotters, projectors) and demonstrate their use.
*  Demonstrate age appropriate keyboarding skills and techniques.
C. Apply basic computer operations and concepts.
*  Identify solutions to basic hardware and software problems.
*  Apply knowledge of advanced input devices.
*  Apply knowledge of hardware setup.
*  Describe the process for basic software installation and demonstrate it.
*  Analyze and solve basic operating systems problems.
*  Apply touch keyboarding skills and techniques at expectable speed and accuracy.
*  Demonstrate the ability to perform basic software installation.
C. Evaluate computer operations and concepts as to their effectiveness to solve specific problems.
*  Describe and demonstrate atypical software installation.
*  Analyze and solve hardware and advanced software problems.
*  Assess and apply multiple input and output devices to solve specific problems.

D. Use basic computer software.
*  Apply operating system skills to perform basic computer tasks.
*  Apply basic word processing skills.
*  Identify and use simple graphic and presentation graphic materials generated by the computer.
*  Apply specific instructional software.
D. Apply computer software to solve specific problems.
*  Identify software designed to meet specific needs (e.g., Computer Aided Drafting, design software, tutorial, financial, presentation software).
*  Identify and solve basic software problems relevant to specific software applications.
*  Identify basic multimedia applications.
*  Demonstrate a basic knowledge of desktop publishing applications.
*  Apply intermediate skills in utilizing word processing, database and spreadsheet software.
*  Apply basic graphic manipulation techniques.
D. Utilize computer software to solve specific problems.
*  Identify legal restrictions in the use of software and the output of data.
*  Apply advanced graphic manipulation and desktop publishing techniques.
*  Apply basic multi-
media applications.
*  Apply advanced word processing, database and spreadsheet skills.
*  Describe and demonstrate how two or more software applications can be used to produce an output.
*  Select and apply software designed to meet specific needs.
D. Evaluate the effectiveness of computer software to solve specific problems.
*  Evaluate the effectiveness of software to produce an output and demonstrate the process.
*  Design and apply advanced multimedia techniques.
*  Analyze, select and apply the appropriate software to solve complex problems.
*  Evaluate the effectiveness of the computer as a presentation tool.
*  Analyze the legal responsibilities of computer users.

E. Identify basic computer communications systems.
*  Apply a web browser.
*  Apply basic electronic mail functions.
*  Use on-line searches to answer age appropriate questions.
E. Explain basic computer communications systems.
*  Describe the organization and functions of the basic parts that make up the World Wide Web.
*  Apply advanced electronic mail functions.
*  Apply basic on-line research techniques to solve a specific problem.
E. Apply basic computer communications systems.
*  Identify and explain various types of on-line services.
*  Identify and explain the function of the parts of a basic network.
*  Describe and apply the components of a web page and their function.
*  Explain and demonstrate file transfer within and out side of a computer network.
*  Identify, describe and complete advanced on-line research.
E. Assess the effectiveness of computer communications systems.
*  Assess the effectiveness of a computer based communications system.
*  Transfer files among different computer platforms.
*  Analyze the effectiveness of on-line information resources to meet the needs for collaboration, research, publications, communications and productivity.
*  Apply knowledge of protocol standards to solve connectivity problems.

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3.5. Earth Sciences
3.5.4. GRADE 4		3.5.7. GRADE 7		3.5.10. GRADE 10		3.5.12. GRADE 12
*Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .*
A.	Know basic landforms and earth history. * Describe earth processes (e.g., rusting, weathering, erosion) that have affected selected physical features in students' neighborhoods. * Identify various earth structures (e.g., mountains, faults, drainage basins) through the use of models. * Identify the composition of soil as weathered rock and decomposed organic remains. * Describe fossils and the type of environment they lived in (e.g., tropical, aquatic, desert).	A.	Describe earth features and processes. * Describe major layers of the earth. * Describe the processes involved in the creation of geologic features (e.g., folding, faulting, volcanism, sedimentation) and that these processes seen today (e.g., erosion, weathering crustal plate movement) are similar to those in the past. * Describe the processes that formed Pennsylvania geologic structures and resources including mountains, glacial formations, water gaps and ridges. * Explain how the rock cycle affected rock formations in the state of Pennsylvania. * Distinguish between examples of rapid surface changes (e.g., landslides, earthquakes) and slow surface changes (e.g., weathering). * Identify living plants and animals that are similar to fossil forms.	A.	Relate earth features and processes that change the earth. * Illustrate and explain plate tectonics as the mechanism of continental movement and sea floor changes. * Compare examples of change to the earth's surface over time as they related to continental movement and ocean basin formation (e.g., Delaware, Susquehanna, Ohio Rivers system formations, dynamics). * Interpret topographic maps to identify and describe significant geologic history/structures in Pennsylvania. * Evaluate and interpret geologic history using geologic maps. * Explain several methods of dating earth materials and structures. * Correlate rock units with general geologic time periods in the history of the earth. * Describe and identify major types of rocks and minerals.	A.	Analyze and evaluate earth features and processes that change the earth. * Apply knowledge of geophysical processes to explain the formation and degradation of earth structures (e.g., mineral deposition, cave formations, soil composition). * Interpret geological evidence supporting evolution. * Apply knowledge of radioactive decay to assess the age of various earth features and objects.
B.	Know types and uses of earth materials. * Identify uses of various earth materials (e.g., buildings, highways, fuels, growing plants). * Identify and sort earth materials according to a classification key (e.g., soil/rock type).	B.	Recognize earth resources and how they affect everyday life. * Identify and locate significant earth resources (e.g., rock types, oil, gas, coal deposits) in Pennsylvania. * Explain the processes involved in the formation of oil and coal in Pennsylvania. * Explain the value and uses of different earth resources (e.g., selected minerals, ores, fuel sources, agricultural uses). * Compare the locations of human settlements as related to available resources.	B.	Explain sources and uses of earth resources. * Compare the locations of strategic minerals and earth resources in the world with their geologic history using maps and global information systems. * Demonstrate the effects of sedimentation and erosion before and after a conservation plan is implemented. * Evaluate the impact of geologic activities/hazards (e.g., earthquakes, sinkholes, landslides). * Evaluate land use (e.g., agricultural, recreational, residential, commercial) in Pennsylvania based upon soil characteristics.	B.	Analyze the availability, location and extraction of earth resources. * Describe how the location of earth's major resources has affected a country's strategic decisions. * Compare locations of earth features and country boundaries. * Analyze the impact of resources (e.g., coal deposits, rivers) on the life of Pennsylvania's settlements and cities.
C.	Know basic weather elements. * Identify cloud types. * Identify weather patterns from data charts (including temperature, wind direction and speed, precipitation) and graphs of the data. * Explain how the different seasons effect plants, animals, food availability and daily human life.	C.	Describe basic elements of meteorology. * Explain weather forecasts by interpreting weather data and symbols. * Explain the oceans' impact on local weather and the climate of a region. * Identify how cloud types, wind directions and barometric pressure changes are associated with weather patterns in different regions of the country. * Explain and illustrate the processes of cloud formation and precipitation. * Describe and illustrate the major layers of the earth's atmosphere. * Identify different air masses and global wind patterns and how they relate to the weather patterns in different regions of the U.S.	C.	Interpret meteorological data. * Analyze information from meteorological instruments and online sources to predict weather patterns. * Describe weather and climate patterns on global levels. * Evaluate specific adaptations plants and animals have made that enable them to survive in different climates.	C.	Analyze atmospheric energy transfers. * Describe how weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere. * Explain how unequal heating of the air, ocean and land produces wind and ocean currents. * Analyze the energy transformations that occur during the greenhouse effect and predict the long-term effects of increased pollutant levels in the atmosphere. * Analyze the mechanisms that drive a weather phenomena (e.g., El Nino, hurricane, tornado) using the correlation of three methods of heat energy transfer.
D.	Recognize the earth's different water resources. * Know that approximately three-fourths of the earth is covered by water. * Identify and describe types of fresh and saltwater bodies. * Identify examples of water in the form of solid, liquid and gas on or near the surface of the earth. * Explain and illustrate evaporation and condensation. * Recognize other resources available from water (e.g., energy, transportation, minerals, food).	D.	Explain the behavior and impact of the earth's water systems. * Explain the water cycle using the processes of evaporation and condensation. * Describe factors that affect evaporation and condensation. * Distinguish salt from fresh water (e.g., density, electrical conduction). * Compare the effect of water type (e.g., polluted, fresh, salt water) and the life contained in them. * Identify ocean and shoreline features (e.g., bays, inlets, spit, tidal marshes).	D.	Assess the value of water as a resource. * Compare specific sources of potable water (e.g., wells, public systems, rivers) used by people in Pennsylvania. * Identify the components of a municipal/agricultural water supply system and a wastewater treatment system. * Relate aquatic life to water conditions (e.g., turbidity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, pressure). * Compare commercially important aquatic species in or near Pennsylvania. * Identify economic resources found in marine areas. * Assess the natural and man-made factors that affect the availability of clean water (e.g., rock and mineral deposits, man-made pollution).	D.	Analyze the principles and history of hydrology. * Analyze the operation and effectiveness of a water purification and desalination system. * Evaluate the pros and cons of surface water appropriation for commercial and electrical use. * Analyze the historical development of water use in Pennsylvania (e.g., recovery of Lake Erie). * Compare the marine life and type of water found in the intertidal, neritic and bathyal zones.
Refer to Environment and Ecology Standards Categories 4.1, 4.3, 4.8 for standards that deal with environmental impact of Earth structures and forces.

3.6. Technology Education
3.6.4. GRADE 4		3.6.7. GRADE 7		3.6.10. GRADE 10		3.6.12. GRADE 12
*Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .*
A.	Know that biotechnologies relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting. * Identify agricultural and industrial production processes that involve plants and animals. * Identify waste management treatment processes. * Describe how knowledge of the human body influences or impacts ergonomic design. * Describe how biotechnology has impacted various aspects of daily life (e.g., health care, agriculture, waste treatment).	A.	Explain biotechnologies that relate to related technologies of propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting. * Identify the environmental, societal and economic impacts that waste has in the environment. * Identify and explain the impact that a specific medical advancement has had on society. * Explain the factors that were taken into consideration when a specific object was designed. * Define and describe how fuels and energy can be generated through the process of biomass conversion. * Identify and group basic plant and animal production processes. * Explain the impact that agricultural science has had on biotechnology.	A.	Apply biotechnologies that relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting. * Apply knowledge of plant and animal production processes in designing an improvement to existing processes. * Apply knowledge of biomedical technology applications in designing a solution to a simple medical problem (e.g., wheel chair design, artificial arteries). * Apply knowledge of how biomedical technology affects waste products in designing a solution that will result in reduced waste. * Apply ergonomic engineering factors when devising a solution to a specific problem. * Describe various methods of biochemical conversion. * Describe specific examples that reflect the impact that agricultural science has had on biotechnology.	A.	Analyze biotechnologies that relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting. * Analyze and solve a complex production process problem using biotechnologies (e.g., hydroponics, fish farming, crop propagation). * Analyze specific examples where engineering has impacted society in protection, personal health application or physical enhancement. * Appraise and evaluate the cause and effect and subsequent environmental, economic and societal impacts that result from biomass and biochemical conversion. * Evaluate and apply biotechnical processes to complex plant and animal production methods. * Apply knowledge of biochemical-related technologies to propose alternatives to hazardous waste treatment. * Apply knowledge of agricultural science to solve or improve a biochemical related problem.
B.	Know that information technologies involve encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding. * Identify electronic communication methods that exist in the community (e.g., digital cameras, telephone, internet, television, fiber optics). * Identify graphic reproduction methods. * Describe appropriate image generating techniques (e.g., photography, video). * Demonstrate the ability to communicate an idea by applying basic sketching and drawing techniques.	B.	Explain information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding. * Demonstrate the effectiveness of image generating technique to communicate a story (e.g., photography, video). * Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of a graphic object designed and produced to communicate a thought or concept. * Apply basic technical drawing techniques to communicate an idea or solution to a problem. * Apply the appropriate method of communications technology to communicate a thought.	B.	Apply knowledge of information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding. * Describe the proper use of graphic and electronic communication systems. * Apply a variety of advanced mechanical and electronic drafting methods to communicate a solution to a specific problem. * Apply and analyze advanced communication techniques to produce an image that effectively conveys a message (e.g., desktop publishing, audio and/or video production). * Illustrate an understanding of a computer network system by modeling, constructing or assembling its components.	B.	Analyze knowledge of information technologies of processes encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding. * Apply and analyze advanced information techniques to produce a complex image that effectively conveys a message (e.g., desktop publishing, audio and/or video production). * Analyze and evaluate a message designed and produced using still, motion and animated communication techniques. * Describe the operation of fiber optic, microwave and satellite informational systems. * Apply various graphic and electronic information techniques to solve real world problems (e.g., data organization and analysis, forecasting, interpolation).
C.	Know physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, finance, production, marketing, research and design. * Identify and group a variety of construction tasks. * Identify the major construction systems present in a specific local building. * Identify specific construction systems that depend on each other in order to complete a project. * Know skills used in construction. * Identify examples of manufactured goods present in the home and school. * Identify basic resources needed to produce a manufactured item. * Identify basic component operations in a specific manufacturing enterprise (e.g., cutting, shaping, attaching). * Identify waste and pollution resulting from a manufacturing enterprise. * Explain and demonstrate the concept of manufacturing (e.g., assemble a set of papers or ball point pens sequentially, mass produce an object). * Identify transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. * Identify and experiment with simple machines used in transportation systems. * Explain how improved transportation systems have changed society.	C.	Explain physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design. * Use knowledge of material effectiveness to solve specific construction problems (e.g., steel vs. wood bridges). * Differentiate among the different types of construction applications (e.g., microwave tower, power plants, aircrafts). * Explain basic material processes that manufactured objects undergo during production (e.g., separating, forming, combining). * Evaluate a construction activity by specifying task analyses and necessary resources. * Explain the relationships among the basic resources needed in the production process for a specific manufactured object. * Explain the difference between design engineering and production engineering processes. * Analyze manufacturing steps that affect waste and pollutants. * Explain transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. * Identify and explain the workings of several mechanical power systems. * Model and explain examples of vehicular propulsion, control, guidance, structure and suspension systems. * Explain the limitations of land, marine, air and space transportation systems.	C.	Apply physical technologies to structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design to real world problems. * Describe and classify common construction by their characteristics and composition. * Compare and contrast specific construction systems that depend on each other in order to complete a project. * Evaluate material failure common to specific applications. * Demonstrate knowledge of various construction systems by building or interpreting models. * Select and apply the necessary resources to successfully conduct a manufacturing enterprise. * Apply concepts of design engineering and production engineering in the organization and application of a manufacturing activity. * Apply the concepts of manufacturing by redesigning an enterprise to improve productivity or reduce or eliminate waste and/or pollution. * Evaluate the interrelationship of various transportation systems in the community. * Analyze the impacts that transportation systems have on a community.	C.	Analyze physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design to real world problems. * Apply knowledge of construction technology by designing, planning and applying all the necessary resources to successfully solve a construction problem. * Compare resource options in solving a specific manufacturing problem. * Analyze and apply complex skills needed to process materials in complex manufacturing enterprises. * Apply advanced information collection and communication techniques to successfully convey solutions to specific construction problems. * Assess the importance of capital on specific construction applications. * Analyze the positive and negative qualities of several different types of materials as they would relate to specific construction applications. * Analyze transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. * Analyze the concepts of vehicular propulsion, guidance, control, suspension and structural systems while designing and producing specific complex transportation systems.

3.7. Technological Devices
3.7.4. GRADE 4		3.7.7. GRADE 7		3.7.10. GRADE 10		3.7.12. GRADE 12
*Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .*
A.	Explore the use of basic tools, simple materials and techniques to safely solve problems. * Describe the scientific principles on which various tools are based. * Group tools and machines by their function. * Select and safely apply appropriate tools and materials to solve simple problems.	A.	Describe the safe and appropriate use of tools, materials and techniques to answer questions and solve problems. * Identify uses of tools, machines, materials, information, people, money, energy and time that meet specific design criteria. * Describe safe procedures for using tools and materials. * Assess materials for appropriateness of use.	A.	Identify and safely use a variety of tools, basic machines, materials and techniques to solve problems and answer questions. * Select and safely apply appropriate tools, materials and processes necessary to solve complex problems. * Apply advanced tool and equipment manipulation techniques to solve problems.	A.	Apply advanced tools, materials and techniques to answer complex questions. * Demonstrate the safe use of complex tools and machines within their specifications. * Select and safely apply appropriate tools, materials and processes necessary to solve complex problems that could result in more than one solution. * Evaluate and use technological resources to solve complex multi-step problems.
B.	Select appropriate instruments to study materials. * Develop simple skills to measure, record, cut and fasten. * Explain appropriate instrument selection for specific tasks.	B.	Use appropriate instruments and apparatus to study materials. * Select appropriate instruments to measure the size, weight, shape and temperature of living and non-living objects. * Apply knowledge of different measurement systems to measure and record objects' properties.	B.	Apply appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes. * Describe and use appropriate instruments to gather and analyze data. * Compare and contrast different scientific measurement systems; select the best measurement system for a specific situation. * Explain the need to estimate measurements within error of various instruments. * Apply accurate measurement knowledge to solve everyday problems. * Describe and demonstrate the operation and use of advanced instrumentation in evaluating material and chemical properties (e.g., scanning electron microscope, nuclear magnetic resonance machines).	B.	Evaluate appropriate instruments and apparatus to accurately measure materials and processes. * Apply and evaluate the use of appropriate instruments to accurately measure scientific and technologic phenomena within the error limits of the equipment. * Evaluate the appropriate use of different measurement scales (macro and micro). * Evaluate the utility and advantages of a variety of absolute and relative measurement scales for their appropriate application.
Computer literacy, including the use of hardware and software in standard statements C, D, and E, should be integrated across all content areas.
C.	Identify basic computer operations and concepts. * Identify the major parts necessary for a computer to input and output data. * Explain and demonstrate the basic use of input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse). * Explain and demonstrate the use of external and internal storage devices (e.g., disk drive, CD drive).	C.	Explain and demonstrate basic computer operations and concepts. * Know specialized computer applications used in the community. * Describe the function of advanced input and output devices (e.g., scanners, video images, plotters, projectors) and demonstrate their use. * Demonstrate age appropriate keyboarding skills and techniques.	C.	Apply basic computer operations and concepts. * Identify solutions to basic hardware and software problems. * Apply knowledge of advanced input devices. * Apply knowledge of hardware setup. * Describe the process for basic software installation and demonstrate it. * Analyze and solve basic operating systems problems. * Apply touch keyboarding skills and techniques at expectable speed and accuracy. * Demonstrate the ability to perform basic software installation.	C.	Evaluate computer operations and concepts as to their effectiveness to solve specific problems. * Describe and demonstrate atypical software installation. * Analyze and solve hardware and advanced software problems. * Assess and apply multiple input and output devices to solve specific problems.
D.	Use basic computer software. * Apply operating system skills to perform basic computer tasks. * Apply basic word processing skills. * Identify and use simple graphic and presentation graphic materials generated by the computer. * Apply specific instructional software.	D.	Apply computer software to solve specific problems. * Identify software designed to meet specific needs (e.g., Computer Aided Drafting, design software, tutorial, financial, presentation software). * Identify and solve basic software problems relevant to specific software applications. * Identify basic multimedia applications. * Demonstrate a basic knowledge of desktop publishing applications. * Apply intermediate skills in utilizing word processing, database and spreadsheet software. * Apply basic graphic manipulation techniques.	D.	Utilize computer software to solve specific problems. * Identify legal restrictions in the use of software and the output of data. * Apply advanced graphic manipulation and desktop publishing techniques. * Apply basic multi- media applications. * Apply advanced word processing, database and spreadsheet skills. * Describe and demonstrate how two or more software applications can be used to produce an output. * Select and apply software designed to meet specific needs.	D.	Evaluate the effectiveness of computer software to solve specific problems. * Evaluate the effectiveness of software to produce an output and demonstrate the process. * Design and apply advanced multimedia techniques. * Analyze, select and apply the appropriate software to solve complex problems. * Evaluate the effectiveness of the computer as a presentation tool. * Analyze the legal responsibilities of computer users.
E.	Identify basic computer communications systems. * Apply a web browser. * Apply basic electronic mail functions. * Use on-line searches to answer age appropriate questions.	E.	Explain basic computer communications systems. * Describe the organization and functions of the basic parts that make up the World Wide Web. * Apply advanced electronic mail functions. * Apply basic on-line research techniques to solve a specific problem.	E.	Apply basic computer communications systems. * Identify and explain various types of on-line services. * Identify and explain the function of the parts of a basic network. * Describe and apply the components of a web page and their function. * Explain and demonstrate file transfer within and out side of a computer network. * Identify, describe and complete advanced on-line research.	E.	Assess the effectiveness of computer communications systems. * Assess the effectiveness of a computer based communications system. * Transfer files among different computer platforms. * Analyze the effectiveness of on-line information resources to meet the needs for collaboration, research, publications, communications and productivity. * Apply knowledge of protocol standards to solve connectivity problems.