[32 Pa.B. 3894]
[Continued from previous Web Page] (A) Shall perform fecal coliform or total coliform density determinations on samples of the source water immediately prior to disinfection. Regardless of source water turbidity, the minimum frequency of sampling for fecal or total coliform determination may be no less than the following:
System Size (People) Samples/Day <500 1 500--3,299 2 3,300--10,000 3 10,001--25,000 4 25,001 or more 5 (B) Shall measure the turbidity of a representative grab sample of the source water immediately prior to disinfection at least once every 4 hours that the system is in operation, except as provided in clause (C).
(C) May substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the Department.
(D) Shall continuously monitor the residual disinfectant concentration required under § 109.202(c)(1)(iii) (relating to State MCLs, MRDLs and treatment technique requirements) of the water being supplied to the distribution system and record the lowest value for each day. If a public water system's continuous monitoring equipment fails, the public water supplier may, upon notification of the Department under § 109.701(a)(3), substitute grab sampling every 4 hours in lieu of continuous monitoring. Grab sampling may not be substituted for continuous monitoring for longer than 5 days after the equipment fails.
(E) Shall measure the residual disinfectant concentration at representative points in the distribution system no less frequently than the frequency required for total coliform sampling for compliance with the MCL for microbiological contaminants.
(ii) For a public water supplier serving 3,300 or fewer people, the Department may reduce the residual disinfectant concentration monitoring for the water being supplied to the distribution system to a minimum of 2 hours between samples at the grab sampling frequencies prescribed as follows if the historical performance and operation of the system indicate the system can meet the residual disinfectant concentration at all times:
System Size (People) Samples/Day <500 1 500--1,000 2 1,001--2,500 3 2,501--3,300 4 If the Department reduces the monitoring, the supplier shall nevertheless collect and analyze another residual disinfectant measurement as soon as possible, but no longer than 4 hours from any measurement which is less than the residual disinfectant concentration approved under § 109.202(c)(1)(iii).
(iii) For a public water supplier serving fewer than 500 people, the Department may reduce the source water turbidity monitoring to one grab sample per day, if the historical performance and operation of the system indicate effective disinfection is maintained under the range of conditions expected to occur in the system's source water.
(3) Monitoring requirements for coliforms. Public water systems shall determine the presence or absence of total coliforms for each routine or check sample; and, the presence or absence of fecal coliforms or E. coli for a total coliform positive sample in accordance with analytical techniques approved by the Department under § 109.304 (relating to analytical requirements). A system may forego fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a total coliform-positive sample if the system assumes that any total coliform-positive sample is also fecal coliform-positive. A system which chooses to forego fecal coliform or E. coli testing shall, under § 109.701(a)(3), notify the Department within 1 hour after the water system learns of the violation or the situation, and shall provide public notice in accordance with § 109.408 (relating to Tier 1 public notice--form, manner and frequency of notice).
(i) Frequency. Public water systems shall collect samples at regular time intervals throughout the monitoring period as specified in the system distribution sample siting plan under § 109.303(a)(2) (relating to sampling requirements). Systems which use groundwater and serve 4,900 persons or fewer, may collect all required samples on a single day if they are from different sampling sites in the distribution system.
(A) Except as provided under § 109.705(b) (relating to sanitary surveys), the number of monthly total coliform samples that community water systems shall take is based on the population served by the system as follows:
Minimum Number of Population Served Samples per Month 25 to 1,000 1 1,001 to 2,500 2 2,501 to 3,300 3 3,301 to 4,100 4 4,101 to 4,900 5 4,901 to 5,800 6 5,801 to 6,700 7 6,701 to 7,600 8 7,601 to 8,500 9 8,501 to 12,900 10 12,901 to 17,200 15 17,201 to 21,500 20 21,501 to 25,000 25 25,001 to 33,000 30 33,001 to 41,000 40 41,001 to 50,000 50 50,001 to 59,000 60 59,001 to 70,000 70 70,001 to 83,000 80 83,001 to 96,000 90 96,001 to 130,000 100 130,001 to 220,000 120 220,001 to 320,000 150 320,001 to 450,000 180 450,001 to 600,000 210 600,001 to 780,000 240 780,001 to 970,000 270 970,001 to 1,230,000 300 1,230,001 to 1,520,000 330 1,520,001 to 1,850,000 360 1,850,001 to 2,270,000 390 2,270,001 to 3,020,000 420 3,020,001 to 3,960,000 450 3,960,001 or more 480 (B) Except as provided under § 109.705(c), the number of periodic total coliform samples that noncommunity water systems shall take is as follows:
(I) A noncommunity water system using only groundwater and serving 1,000 or fewer persons per day on a permanent basis, January through December each year, shall take one sample each calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public.
(II) A noncommunity water system using surface water (in total or in part) or serving more than 1,000 persons per day during a given month shall take the same number of samples as a community water system serving the same number of persons specified in clause (A) for each month the system provides water to the public, even if the population served is temporarily fewer than 1,000 persons per day. A groundwater system determined to be under the influence of surface water shall begin monitoring at this frequency 6 months after the Department determines that the source water is under the direct influence of surface water.
(C) A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not practice filtration in compliance with Subchapter B (relating to MCLs, MRDLs or treatment technique requirements) shall collect at least one total coliform sample at the entry point, or an equivalent location as determined by the Department, to the distribution system within 24 hours of each day that the turbidity level in the source water, measured as specified in paragraph (2)(i)(B), exceeds 1.0 NTU. The Department may extend this 24-hour collection limit to a maximum of 72 hours if the system adequately demonstrates a logistical problem outside the system's control in having the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. A logistical problem outside the system's control may include a source water turbidity result exceeding 1.0 NTU over a holiday or weekend in which the services of a Department certified laboratory are not available within the prescribed sample holding time. These sample results shall be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total coliforms established under § 109.202(a)(2).
(ii) Repeat monitoring. A public water system shall collect a set of check samples within 24 hours of being notified of a total coliform-positive routine or check sample. The Department may extend this 24-hour collection limit to a maximum of 72 hours if the system adequately demonstrates a logistical problem outside the system's control in having the check samples analyzed within 30 hours of collection. A logistical problem outside the system's control may include a coliform-positive sample result received over a holiday or weekend in which the services of a Department certified laboratory are not available within the prescribed sample holding time.
(A) A system which collects more than one routine sample per monitoring period shall collect at least three check samples for each total coliform-positive sample found.
(B) A system which collects only one routine sample per monitoring period shall collect at least four check samples for each total coliform-positive sample found.
(C) The system shall collect at least one check sample from the sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was taken, at least one check sample at a tap within five service connections upstream of the original coliform-positive sample and at least one check sample within five service connections downstream of the original sampling site. If a total coliform-positive sample occurs at the end of the distribution system or one service connection away from the end of the distribution system, the water supplier shall collect an additional check sample upstream of the original sample site in lieu of a downstream check sample.
(D) A system shall collect all check samples on the same day, except that a system with a single service connection may collect the required set of check samples all on the same day or consecutively over a 4-day period.
(E) If a check sample is total coliform-positive, the public water system shall collect additional check samples in the manner specified in this subparagraph. The system shall continue to collect check samples until either total coliforms are not detected in check samples, or the system determines that the MCL for total coliforms as established under § 109.202(a)(2) has been exceeded and notifies the Department.
(F) If a system collecting fewer than five routine samples per month has one or more valid total coliform-positive samples, the system shall collect at least five routine samples during the next month the system provides water to the public. The number of routine samples for the month following a total coliform-positive sample may be reduced by the Department to at least one sample the next month if the reason for the total coliform-positive sample is determined and the problem has been corrected or will be corrected before the end of the next month.
(G) Results of all routine and check samples not invalidated by the Department shall be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total coliforms as established under § 109.202(a)(2).
(iii) Invalidation of total coliform samples. A total coliform sample invalidated under this paragraph does not count towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this section.
(A) The Department may invalidate a total coliform-positive sample if one of the following applies:
(I) The laboratory which performed the analysis establishes that improper sample analysis caused the total coliform-positive result.
(II) A domestic or other nondistribution system plumbing problem exists when a coliform contamination incident occurs that is limited to a specific service connection from which a coliform-positive sample was taken in a public water system with more than one service connection. The Department's determination to invalidate a sample shall be based on a total coliform-positive check sample collected at the same tap as the original total coliform-positive sample and all total coliform-negative check samples collected within five service connections of the original total coliform positive sample. This type of sample invalidation does not apply to public water systems with only one service connection.
(III) A total coliform-positive sample result is due to a circumstance or condition which does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. The Department's decision to invalidate a sample shall be based on evidence that the sample result does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. In this case, the system shall still collect all check samples required under subparagraph (ii) to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms as established under § 109.202(a)(2).
(B) A laboratory shall invalidate a total coliform sample if no total coliforms are detected and one of the following occurs:
(I) The sample produces a turbid culture in the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas formation is examined.
(II) The sample exhibits confluent growth or produces colonies too numerous to count with an analytical method using a membrane filter.
(C) If a laboratory invalidates a sample because of interference as specified in clause (B), the laboratory shall notify the system within 1 business day to collect another sample from the same location as the original sample within 24 hours of being notified of the interference and have it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system shall resample within 24 hours of being notified of interference and continue to resample every 24 hours until it receives a valid result. The Department may extend this 24-hour limit to a maximum of 72 hours if the system adequately demonstrates a logistical problem outside the system's control in having the resamples analyzed within 30 hours. A logistical problem outside the system's control may include a notification of a laboratory sample invalidation, due to interference, which is received over a holiday or weekend in which the services of a Department certified laboratory are not available within the prescribed sample holding time.
(iv) Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement, replacement or repair, may not be used to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliform. Check samples taken under subparagraph (ii) are not considered special purpose samples, and shall be used to determine compliance with the monitoring and MCL requirements for total coliforms established under this paragraph and § 109.202(a)(2).
(4) Exception. For a water system which complies with the performance monitoring requirements under paragraph (2), the monitoring requirements for compliance with the turbidity MCL do not apply.
(5) Monitoring requirements for VOCs. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems shall monitor for compliance with the MCLs for VOCs established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.61(a) (relating to MCLs for organic contaminants). The monitoring shall be conducted according to the requirements established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.24(f) (relating to organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes, sampling and analytical requirements), incorporated herein by reference, except as modified by this chapter. Initial or first year monitoring mentioned in this paragraph refers to VOC monitoring conducted on or after January 1, 1993.
(i) Vinyl chloride. Monitoring for compliance with the MCL for vinyl chloride is required only for groundwater entry points at which one or more of the following two-carbon organic compounds have been detected: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene or 1,1-dichloroethylene.
(ii) Initial monitoring schedule. The initial monitoring shall consist of four consecutive quarterly samples at each entry point in accordance with the following monitoring schedule during the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993, except for systems which are granted reduced initial monitoring in accordance with clauses (E) and (F). A system which monitors during the initial monitoring period, but begins monitoring before its scheduled initial monitoring year specified in this subparagraph, shall begin monitoring every entry point during the first calendar quarter of the year it begins monitoring, except as provided in clause (E).
(A) Systems serving more than 10,000 persons shall begin monitoring during the quarter beginning January 1, 1994.
(B) Systems serving 3,301 persons to 10,000 persons shall begin monitoring during the quarter beginning January 1, 1995.
(C) Systems serving 500 to 3,300 persons shall begin monitoring during the quarter beginning January 1, 1993.
(D) Systems serving fewer than 500 persons shall begin monitoring during the quarter beginning January 1, 1994.
(E) For systems serving 3,300 or fewer people which monitor at least one quarter prior to October 1, 1993, and do not detect VOCs at an entry point during the first quarterly sample, the required initial monitoring is reduced to one sample at that entry point. For systems serving 500 to 3,300 people to qualify for this reduced monitoring, the initial monitoring shall have been conducted during the quarter beginning January 1, 1993.
(F) For systems serving more than 3,300 people, which were in existence prior to January 1, 1993, initial monitoring for compliance with the MCLs for VOCs established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.61(a) is reduced to one sample for each entry point which meets the following conditions:
(I) VOC monitoring required by the Department between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1992, has been conducted and no VOCs regulated under 40 CFR 141.61(a) were detected.
(II) The first quarter monitoring required by this paragraph has been conducted during the first quarter of the system's scheduled monitoring year under this paragraph, with no detection of a VOC.
(G) Initial monitoring of new entry points associated with new sources which are permitted under Subchapter E (relating to permit requirements) to begin operation after December 31, 1992, shall conduct initial monitoring as follows:
(I) Entry points at which a VOC is detected during new source monitoring shall be monitored quarterly beginning the first quarter the entry points begin serving the public. Quarterly monitoring shall continue until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with subparagraph (iii)(D).
(II) Entry points at which no VOC is detected during new source monitoring shall begin initial quarterly monitoring during the first calendar quarter of the year after the entry point begins serving the public. If no VOC is detected during the first quarter of monitoring, first year monitoring is reduced to one sample at that entry point.
(iii) Repeat monitoring for entry points at which a VOC is detected.
(A) For entry points at which a VOC is detected at a level equal to or greater than its MCL during the first year of quarterly monitoring, the monitoring shall be repeated quarterly beginning the quarter following detection at a level equal to or greater than the MCL, for VOCs for which the EPA has established MCLs under 40 CFR 141.61(a), except for vinyl chloride as provided in subparagraph (i), until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (D).
(B) For entry points at which a VOC is detected, and reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (D), and a VOC is thereafter detected at a level greater than the MCL, the monitoring shall be repeated quarterly beginning the quarter following detection at a level for the VOCs for which the EPA has established MCLs under 40 CFR 141.61(a), except for vinyl chloride as provided in subparagraph (i), until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (D).
(C) For entry points at which no VOC is detected during the first year of monitoring but a VOC is detected thereafter, the monitoring shall be repeated quarterly beginning the quarter following detection at a level for the VOCs for which the EPA has established MCLs under 40 CFR 141.61(a), except for vinyl chloride as provided in subparagraph (i), or until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (D).
(D) After analyses of four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point, including initial quarterly samples, demonstrate that the VOC levels in each quarterly sample are less than the MCLs, the required monitoring is reduced to one sample per year at the entry point for the VOCs for which the EPA has established MCLs under 40 CFR 141.61(a), except for vinyl chloride as provided in subparagraph (i).
(E) A confirmation sample shall be collected and analyzed for each VOC listed under 40 CFR 141.61(a) which is detected at a level in excess of its MCL during annual or less frequent compliance monitoring. The confirmation sample shall be collected within 2 weeks of notification by the certified laboratory performing the analysis that an MCL has been exceeded. The average of the results of the original and the confirmation sample will be used to determine compliance. Monitoring shall be completed by the deadline specified for VOC compliance monitoring.
(iv) Repeat monitoring for entry points at which no VOC is detected.
(A) For entry points at which VOCs are not detected during the first year of quarterly monitoring, or annual monitoring if only one sample was required at an entry point for first year monitoring under subparagraph (ii)(E), (F) or (G)(II), required monitoring is reduced to one sample per entry point per year.
(B) For groundwater entry points where VOCs are monitored in accordance with this paragraph, but are not detected during 3 years of quarterly or annual monitoring, or both, required monitoring is reduced to one sample per entry point during each subsequent compliance period. Reduced monitoring shall be conducted at 3-year intervals from the year of required initial monitoring.
(v) Reduced monitoring. When reduced monitoring is provided under subparagraph (iii)(D), or subparagraph (iv)(A) or (B), the system shall monitor the entry point during the calendar year quarter of highest anticipated VOC levels or as specified by the Department. The reduced monitoring option in subparagraph (iv)(B) does not apply to entry points at which treatment has been installed for VOC removal. Quarterly performance monitoring is required for VOCs for which treatment has been installed.
(vi) Waivers. Waivers under 40 CFR 141.24(f) will not be available for the VOC monitoring requirements in this paragraph.
(6) Monitoring requirements for SOCs (pesticides and PCBs). Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems shall monitor for compliance with the MCLs for SOCs established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.61(c). The monitoring shall be conducted according to the requirements established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.24(h), incorporated herein by reference except as modified by this chapter.
(i) Initial monitoring schedule. Initial monitoring shall consist of four consecutive quarterly samples at each entry point beginning during the quarter beginning January 1, 1995, except for systems which are granted an initial monitoring waiver in accordance with subparagraph (v). Systems which monitor during the initial monitoring period but begin monitoring before 1995 shall begin monitoring during the first calendar quarter of the year.
(A) New entry points associated with new sources which are vulnerable to SOC contamination, as determined in accordance with subparagraph (v), and which begin operation after March 31, 1995, and do not detect an SOC during new source sampling shall begin initial quarterly monitoring during the first calendar year quarter of the year after the entry point begins serving the public.
(B) New entry points associated with new sources which are vulnerable to SOC contamination as determined in accordance with subparagraph (v), at which an SOC is detected during new source sampling shall begin initial quarterly monitoring the first quarter the entry point begins serving the public. Quarterly monitoring shall continue until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with subparagraph (ii)(E).
(ii) Repeat monitoring for SOCs that are detected. For entry points which were monitored for SOCs during the initial quarterly monitoring period or during the required quarterly monitoring immediately after being determined vulnerable to contamination by an SOC, repeat monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
(A) For entry points at which an SOC is detected at a level equal to or greater than its MCL, the monitoring for the detected SOC shall be continued quarterly, until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (E).
(B) For entry points at which an SOC is detected during the first year of quarterly monitoring, and reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (E), and the SOC is thereafter detected at a level greater than its MCL, the monitoring for the detected SOC shall be repeated quarterly, until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (E).
(C) For entry points at which an SOC is not detected during the first year of quarterly monitoring, but an SOC is detected initially thereafter at a level less than the MCL, monitoring shall be repeated annually for the detected SOC.
(D) For entry points at which an SOC is not detected during the first year of quarterly monitoring, but the SOC is detected thereafter at a level equal to or greater than the MCL, monitoring for that SOC shall be repeated quarterly, until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause (E).
(E) After analyses of four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point, including initial quarterly samples, demonstrate that the SOC level in each quarterly sample is less than the MCL, the required monitoring for each SOC detected below the MCL is reduced to one sample per year at the entry point.
(F) For entry points at which either heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide is detected during the initial round of consecutive quarterly samples, or in subsequent repeat samples, the monitoring shall be continued for both contaminants in accordance with the more frequent monitoring required of the two contaminants based on the level at which each is detected.
(G) A confirmation sample shall be collected and analyzed for each SOC listed under 40 CFR 141.61(c) which is detected at a level in excess of its MCL during annual or less frequent compliance monitoring. The confirmation sample shall be collected within 2 weeks of the water supplier receiving notification from the certified laboratory performing the analysis that an MCL has been exceeded. The average of the results of the original and the confirmation samples will be used to determine compliance. Confirmation monitoring shall be completed by the deadline specified for SOC compliance monitoring.
(iii) Repeat monitoring for SOCs that are not detected. For entry points at which SOCs are not detected during the first year of quarterly monitoring, the required monitoring is reduced to one sample in each 3-year compliance period for systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons and to two consecutive quarterly samples in each compliance period for systems serving more than 3,300 persons. Reduced monitoring shall be conducted at 3-year intervals from the year of required initial VOC monitoring, in accordance with paragraph (5)(ii).
(iv) Reduced monitoring. When reduced monitoring is provided under subparagraph (ii) or (iii), the system shall monitor the entry point during the second calendar year quarter, or the second and third calendar year quarter when two quarterly samples are required in each compliance period, unless otherwise specified by the Department. The reduced monitoring option in subparagraph (iii) does not apply to entry points at which treatment has been installed for SOC removal. Compliance monitoring for SOCs for which treatment has been installed to comply with an MCL shall be conducted at least annually, and performance monitoring shall be conducted quarterly.
(v) Waivers. A waiver will be granted to a public water supplier from conducting the initial compliance monitoring or repeat monitoring, or both, for an SOC based on documentation provided by the public water supplier and a determination by the Department that the criteria in clause (B), (C) or (D) has been met. A waiver is effective for one compliance period and may be renewed in each subsequent compliance period. If the Department has not granted an areawide use waiver in accordance with clause (B), the public water supplier is responsible for submitting a waiver application and renewal application to the Department for review in accordance with clause (B) or (C) for specific entry points. Waiver applications will be evaluated relative to the vulnerability assessment area described in clause (A) and the criteria in clause (B) or (C). Entry points at which treatment has been installed to remove an SOC are not eligible for a monitoring waiver for the SOCs for which treatment has been installed.
(A) Vulnerability assessment area for SOCs except dioxin and PCBs.
(I) For groundwater entry points, the vulnerability assessment area shall consist of wellhead protection area Zones I and II.
(II) For surface water entry points, the vulnerability assessment area shall consist of the area that supplies water to the entry point and is separated from other watersheds by the highest topographic contour.
(B) Use waivers. An areawide use waiver will be granted by the Department for contaminants which the Department has determined have not been used, stored, manufactured or disposed of in this Commonwealth, or portions of this Commonwealth. A use waiver specific to a particular entry point requires that an SOC was not used, stored, manufactured or disposed of in the vulnerability assessment area. If use waiver criteria cannot be met, a public water supplier may apply for a susceptibility waiver.
(C) Susceptibility waivers. A susceptibility waiver for specific contaminants may be granted based on the following criteria, and only applies to groundwater entry points:
(I) Previous analytical results.
(II) Environmental persistence and transport of the contaminant.
(III) Proximity of the drinking water source to point or nonpoint source contamination.
(IV) Elevated nitrate levels as an indicator of the potential for pesticide contamination.
(V) Extent of source water protection or approved wellhead protection program.
(D) Waivers for dioxin and PCBs. A system is granted a waiver from monitoring for dioxin and PCBs unless the Department determines that there is a source of dioxin or PCB contamination which poses a threat to a drinking water source.
(7) Monitoring requirements for IOCs. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems shall monitor for compliance with the MCLs for IOCs established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.62 (relating to maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for inorganic contaminants), and for arsenic established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.11 (relating to maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants). Transient noncommunity water suppliers shall monitor for compliance with the MCLs for nitrate and nitrite. The monitoring shall be conducted according to the requirements established by the EPA under 40 CFR 141.23 (relating to inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements). The requirements are incorporated by reference except as modified by this chapter.
(i) Monitoring requirements for asbestos.
(A) Waivers for asbestos monitoring. A system is granted a waiver from asbestos monitoring unless the Department determines that the system's distribution system contains asbestos cement pipe and the system has not implemented optimum corrosion control measures, or the Department determines that the system's source water is vulnerable to asbestos contamination.
(B) Initial monitoring schedule. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems not granted a waiver under clause (A) shall monitor for compliance with the MCL for asbestos by taking one sample at each vulnerable sampling point during the first 3-year compliance period of each 9-year compliance cycle, with the initial compliance monitoring beginning not later than the calendar year beginning January 1, 1995.
(C) Monitoring of new entry points. New entry points which begin operation after December 31, 1995, shall conduct initial monitoring during the first compliance period of the first compliance cycle after the entry point begins serving the public, if the Department determines that a waiver cannot be granted in accordance with clause (A).
(D) Repeat monitoring for systems that detect asbestos. If a sample exceeds the MCL for asbestos, the monitoring at that sampling point shall be continued quarterly beginning in the quarter following the MCL violation. After four consecutive quarterly samples less than the MCL at that entry point, the required monitoring is reduced to one sample at that entry point during the first 3-year compliance period of each subsequent 9-year compliance cycle, if treatment has not been installed to remove asbestos from the source water. Compliance monitoring at entry points at which treatment has been installed to remove asbestos from source water shall be conducted at least annually, and performance monitoring shall be conducted quarterly.
(ii) Monitoring requirements for nitrate and nitrite. The following compliance monitoring for nitrite is not required at entry points receiving water which has been disinfected with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone:
(A) Initial monitoring schedule. A public water system shall begin new monitoring for nitrate and nitrite by taking one annual sample at each groundwater entry point to the system beginning during the year beginning January 1, 1993. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems with surface water sources shall monitor quarterly at each surface water entry point for nitrate and nitrite beginning during the quarter beginning January 1, 1993. Transient noncommunity water systems shall monitor each surface water entry point by taking one annual sample beginning during the year beginning January 1, 1993.
(B) Monitoring of new entry points. New community and nontransient noncommunity surface water entry points which begin serving the public after the first calendar quarter of a year and did not detect levels of nitrate or nitrite equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL during new source sampling shall begin initial monitoring for nitrate and nitrite during the first calendar quarter of the year after the entry point begins serving the public. New community and nontransient noncommunity groundwater and surface water entry points at which nitrate or nitrite is detected at levels equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL during new source sampling shall begin initial quarterly monitoring the first quarter the entry point begins serving the public. New community and nontransient noncommunity groundwater entry points at which nitrate and nitrite are not detected at levels equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL, and all transient noncommunity entry points, shall begin initial annual monitoring during the first new calendar year after the entry point begins serving the public.
(C) Repeat monitoring for systems with nitrate or nitrite levels equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL.
(I) For entry points at which initial monitoring results or subsequent monitoring indicate nitrate or nitrite levels equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL, community and nontransient noncommunity water systems shall begin quarterly monitoring the quarter following detection at that level and continue quarterly monitoring for both nitrate and nitrite, unless reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with subclause (III).
(II) For entry points at which initial monitoring results or subsequent monitoring indicate nitrate or nitrite levels greater than the MCL, transient noncommunity systems shall begin quarterly monitoring the quarter following detection at that level and continue quarterly monitoring for both nitrate and nitrite, unless reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with subclause (IV).
(III) After four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point for a community or nontransient noncommunity system indicate nitrate and nitrite levels in each sample are less than 50% of the MCLs, the required compliance monitoring is reduced to one sample per year at the entry point. Annual monitoring shall be conducted during the calendar quarter in which the consecutive quarterly monitoring indicated that the highest levels of contamination were present, unless the Department determines that a different monitoring quarter should be used in accordance with paragraph (10).
(IV) After four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point for a transient noncommunity system indicate nitrate and nitrite levels in each sample are less than the MCLs, the required compliance monitoring is reduced to one sample per year at the entry point. Annual monitoring shall be conducted during the calendar quarter in which the consecutive quarterly monitoring indicated that the highest levels of contamination were present, unless the Department determines that a different monitoring quarter should be used in accordance with paragraph (10).
(V) For nitrate or nitrite sample results in excess of the MCLs, the water supplier shall take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of having received the original sample result. A water supplier that is unable to comply with the 24-hour sampling requirement shall immediately notify persons served by the public water system in accordance with § 109.408. Systems exercising this option shall take and analyze a confirmation sample within 2 weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample.
(VI) Noncommunity water systems for which an alternate nitrate level has been approved by the Department in accordance with 40 CFR 141.11(d) are not required to collect a confirmation sample if only the nitrate MCL is exceeded and nitrate is not in excess of the alternate nitrate level. If the alternate nitrate level is exceeded, the water supplier shall collect a confirmation sample within 24 hours after being advised by the certified laboratory performing the analysis that the compliance sample exceeded 20 mg/L for nitrate. Confirmation monitoring shall be completed by the deadline for compliance monitoring. Quarterly performance monitoring is required for nitrate and nitrite at entry points where treatment has been installed to remove nitrate or nitrite.
(D) Repeat monitoring for systems with nitrate and nitrite levels less than 50% of the MCLs. For entry points at which initial monitoring results indicate nitrate and nitrite levels in each sample are less than 50% of the MCLs, nitrate and nitrite monitoring shall be repeated annually during the calendar quarter in which the water supplier anticipates the highest levels of contamination, unless the Department determines that a different monitoring quarter should be used in accordance with paragraph (10).
(iii) Monitoring requirements for antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide, chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium.
(A) Initial monitoring schedule. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems shall monitor each surface water entry point annually beginning during the year beginning January 1, 1993, and shall monitor each groundwater entry point once every 3 years beginning during the year beginning January 1, 1994.
(B) Monitoring of new entry points. New groundwater entry points which begin operation after December 31, 1994, shall begin initial monitoring in accordance with the schedule in clause (A)--that is, 1997, and so forth. New surface water entry points shall begin initial annual monitoring during the first new calendar year after the entry point begins serving the public.
(C) Repeat monitoring for entry points at which an IOC MCL is exceeded.
(I) For entry points at which initial monitoring results or subsequent monitoring indicates an IOC level in excess of the MCL, monitoring shall be repeated quarterly beginning the quarter following detection at that level for each IOC in excess of an MCL, until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with subclause (II).
(II) After analyses of four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point where treatment has not been installed to comply with an IOC MCL indicate that contaminant levels are less than the MCLs, the required monitoring for each IOC less than the MCL is reduced to the frequencies stated in clause (A). This reduced monitoring option does not apply to entry points at which treatment has been installed for IOC removal. Compliance monitoring for IOCs for which treatment has been installed to comply with an MCL shall be conducted at least annually, and performance monitoring shall be conducted quarterly.
(III) A confirmation sample shall be collected and analyzed for each IOC listed under 40 CFR 141.11(b) or 141.62(b) which is detected at a level in excess of its MCL during annual or less frequent compliance monitoring. The confirmation sample shall be collected within 2 weeks of notification by the certified laboratory performing the analysis that an MCL has been exceeded. The average of the results of the original and the confirmation samples will be used to determine compliance. Confirmation monitoring shall be completed by the deadline specified for IOC compliance monitoring.
(D) Waivers for IOC monitoring. Except when treatment has been installed to remove the IOC, after three consecutive rounds of quarterly, annual or triennial monitoring indicate the contaminant level for an IOC is below the MCL in all samples at an entry point, routine monitoring for the remainder of the compliance cycle for that IOC is waived and the required monitoring for the IOC is reduced to one sample per 9-year compliance cycle at that entry point. Reduced monitoring shall be conducted during the first monitoring period of the next monitoring cycle. A waiver is effective for one compliance cycle and may be renewed in each subsequent compliance cycle.
(E) Operational monitoring for fluoride. Public water suppliers who fluoridate shall conduct operational monitoring for fluoride daily.
(8) Monitoring requirements for public water systems that obtain finished water from another public water system.
(i) Consecutive water suppliers shall monitor for compliance with the MCL for microbiological contaminants at the frequency established by the EPA and incorporated by reference into this chapter.
(ii) Community consecutive water suppliers shall:
(A) Monitor for compliance with the MCL for TTHMs established under 40 CFR 141.12 (relating to maximum contaminant levels for total trihalomethanes) in accordance with 40 CFR 141.30 (relating to total trimalomethanes sampling, analytical and other requirements) if the system does one of the following:
(I) Serves more than 10,000 persons.
(II) Obtains finished water from another public water system serving more than 10,000 persons.
(B) Monitor the distribution system for compliance with the MCL for asbestos at the frequency indicated in paragraph (7)(i), when the Department determines that the system's distribution system contains asbestos cement pipe and optimum corrosion control measures have not been implemented.
(iii) Consecutive water suppliers are exempt from conducting monitoring for the MCLs for VOCs, SOCs and IOCs if the public water system from which the finished water is obtained complies with paragraphs (5)--(7), except that asbestos monitoring is required in accordance with subparagraph (ii)(B).
(iv) For a public water system which is not a consecutive water system, the exemption in subparagraph (iii) applies to entry points which obtain finished water from another public water system.
(v) A public water supplier that obtains finished water from another permitted public water system using surface water sources shall, beginning May 16, 1992, measure the residual disinfectant concentration at representative points in the distribution system at least as frequently as the frequency required for total coliform sampling for compliance with the MCL for microbiological contaminants.
(vi) Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems that provide finished water that contains a chemical disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with the monitoring requirements for disinfection byproducts and disinfectant residuals in paragraphs (12)(i)--(iii) and (13).
(9) Monitoring requirements for POE devices. A public water supplier using a POE device shall, in addition to the monitoring requirements specified in paragraphs (1)--(8), conduct monitoring on the devices installed. As a minimum, the monitoring shall include the MCLs for which the POE device is intended to treat and monthly microbiological monitoring. The Department may allow the water supplier to reduce the frequency of microbiological monitoring based upon historical performance. Except for microbiological contaminants, monitoring shall be performed quarterly on 25% of the installed POE devices with the locations rotated so that each device is monitored at least once annually, unless increased monitoring is required by the Department under § 109.302.
(10) Additional monitoring. The Department may by written notice require a public water supplier to conduct monitoring for compliance with MCLs or MRDLs during a specific portion of a monitoring period, if necessary to ensure compliance with the monitoring or reporting requirements in this chapter.
(11) Monitoring requirements for entry points that do not provide water continuously. Entry points from which water is not provided during every quarter of the year shall monitor in accordance with paragraphs (5)--(7), except that monitoring is not required during a quarter when water is not provided to the public, unless special monitoring is required by the Department under § 109.302.
(12) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems that use a chemical disinfectant or oxidant, or provide finished water that contains a chemical disinfectant or oxidant, shall monitor for disinfection byproducts. Systems that use either surface water or GUDI sources and that serve at least 10,000 persons shall begin monitoring by January 1, 2002. Systems that use either surface water or GUDI sources and that serve fewer than 10,000 persons, or systems that use groundwater sources, shall begin monitoring by January 1, 2004. Systems monitoring for disinfection byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors shall take all samples during normal operating conditions. Systems monitoring for disinfection byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors may use only data collected under this chapter to qualify for reduced monitoring. Compliance with the MCLs and monitoring requirements for TTHMs, HAA5, chlorite (where applicable) and bromate (where applicable) shall be determined in accordance with 40 CFR 141.132 and 141.133 (relating to monitoring requirements; and compliance requirements) which are incorporated herein by reference.
(i) TTHMs and HAA5.
(A) Routine monitoring.
(I) Systems that use either surface water or GUDI sources shall monitor as follows:
(-a-) Systems serving at least 10,000 persons shall take at least four samples per quarter per treatment plant. At least 25% of all samples collected each quarter shall be collected at locations representing maximum residence time. The remaining samples shall be taken at locations that are representative of the entire distribution system and that are representative of at least average residence time.
(-b-) Systems serving from 500 to 9,999 persons shall take at least one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time.
(-c-) Systems serving fewer than 500 persons shall take at least one sample per year per treatment plant during the month of warmest water temperature. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time. If the sample, or average of all samples, exceeds either a TTHM or HAA5 MCL, then the system shall take at least one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time. The system may reduce the sampling frequency back to one sample per year per treatment plant in accordance with the reduced monitoring criteria of clause (B).
(-d-) If a system samples more frequently than the minimum required in items (-a-)--(-c-), at least 25% of all samples collected each quarter shall be collected at locations representing maximum residence time, with the remainder of the samples representing locations of at least average residence time.
(II) Systems that use groundwater sources shall monitor as follows:
(-a-) Systems serving at least 10,000 persons shall take at least one sample per quarter per treatment plant. Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered as a single treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time.
(-b-) Systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons shall take at least one sample per year per treatment plant during the month of warmest water temperature. Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered as a single treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time. If the sample, or average of all samples, exceeds either a TTHM or HAA5 MCL, the system shall take at least one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time. The system may reduce the sampling frequency back to one sample per year per treatment plant in accordance with the reduced monitoring criteria of clause (B).
(-c-) If a system samples more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected each quarter shall be collected at locations representing maximum residence time, with the remainder of the samples representing locations of at least average residence time.
(B) Reduced monitoring. Systems that have monitored for TTHMs and HAA5 for at least 1 year may reduce monitoring according to this clause. Systems that use either surface water or GUDI sources shall monitor source water TOC monthly for at least 1 year prior to qualifying for reduced monitoring. The Department retains the right to require a system that meets the requirements of this clause to resume routine monitoring.
(I) Systems that use either surface water or GUDI sources and that have a source water annual TOC average that is no greater than 4.0 mg/L and an annual TTHM average that is no greater than 0.040 mg/L and an annual HAA5 average that is no greater than 0.030 mg/L may reduce monitoring according to items (-a-)--(-c-). Systems that qualify for reduced monitoring may remain on reduced monitoring provided that the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.060 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.045 mg/L. Systems that exceed these levels shall resume routine monitoring as prescribed in clause (A) in the quarter immediately following the quarter in which the system exceeds 0.060 mg/L for TTHMs or 0.045 mg/L for HAA5.
(-a-) Systems serving at least 10,000 persons may reduce monitoring to one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time.
(-b-) Systems serving from 500 to 9,999 persons may reduce monitoring to one sample per year per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken during the month of warmest water temperature and at a location that represents a maximum residence time.
(-c-) Systems serving fewer than 500 persons and that are on increased monitoring as prescribed by clause (A) may reduce monitoring to one sample per year per treatment plant. The sample shall be taken during the month of warmest water temperature and at a location that represents a maximum residence time.
(II) Systems that use groundwater sources may reduce monitoring according to the following:
(-a-) Systems serving at least 10,000 persons may reduce monitoring to one sample per year per treatment plant if the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.040 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.030 mg/L. The sample shall be taken during the month of warmest water temperature and at a location that represents a maximum residence time. Systems that qualify for reduced monitoring may remain on reduced monitoring provided that the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.060 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.045 mg/L. Systems that exceed these levels shall resume routine monitoring as prescribed in clause (A) in the quarter immediately following the quarter in which the system exceeds 0.060 mg/L for TTHMs or 0.045 mg/L for HAA5.
(-b-) Systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons may reduce monitoring to one sample per 3-year cycle per treatment plant if the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.040 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.030 mg/L for 2 consecutive years or the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.020 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.015 mg/L for 1 year. The sample shall be taken during the month of warmest water temperature within the 3-year cycle beginning on January 1 following the quarter in which the system qualifies for reduced monitoring. The sample shall be taken at a location that represents a maximum residence time. Systems that qualify for reduced monitoring may remain on reduced monitoring provided that the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.080 mg/L and the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.060 mg/L. Systems that exceed these levels shall resume routine monitoring as prescribed in clause (A) in the quarter immediately following the quarter in which the system exceeds 0.080 mg/L for TTHMs or 0.060 mg/L for HAA5.
(ii) Chlorite. Community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine dioxide for disinfection or oxidation, or provide finished water that contains chlorine dioxide, shall monitor for chlorite.
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