THE COURTS
Title 237—JUVENILE RULES
PART I. RULES
[ 237 PA. CODE CHS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15 AND 16 ]
Proposed Rules and Amendments for Procedures Regarding Advanced Communication Technology
[40 Pa.B. 5743]
[Saturday, October 9, 2010]The Juvenile Court Procedural Rules Committee is planning to recommend to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania that the modification of Rules 120, 160, 242, 345, 394, 406, 512, 610, 1120, 1128, 1140, 1160, 1242, 1345, 1406, 1512, 1608; renumbering of Rules 130 to 136 and 1130 to 1136; and new Rules 129, 130, 1129 and 1130 be adopted and prescribed. These proposed modifications set forth the procedures regarding advanced communication technology.
The following Explanatory Report highlights the intent of these Rules. Please note that the Committee's Reports should not be confused with the official Committee Comments to the Rules. Also note that the Supreme Court does not adopt the Committee's Comments or the contents of the Explanatory Reports.
The Committee requests that interested persons submit suggestions, comments, or objections concerning this proposal to the Committee through counsel, Christine Riscili at juvenilerules@pacourts.us. Email is the preferred method for receiving comments in an effort to conserve paper and expedite the distribution of comments to the Committee. Emailed comments need not be reproduced and sent via hard copy. The Committee will acknowledge receipt of your comment.
For those who do not have access to email, comments may be faxed to the Committee at 717-231-9541 or written comments may be mailed to:
Christine Riscili, Esq., Counsel
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Juvenile Court Procedural Rules Committee
Pennsylvania Judicial Center
601 Commonwealth Ave., Suite 6200
P.O. Box 62635
Harrisburg, PA 17106-2635All comments shall be received no later than Friday, Nov. 5, 2010.
By the Juvenile Court Procedural Rules Committee
CYNTHIA K. STOLTZ, Esq.,
Chair
Annex A
TITLE 237. JUVENILE RULES
PART I. RULES
Subpart A. DELINQUENCY MATTERS
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
PART A. BUSINESS OF COURTS Rule 120. Definitions.
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY is any communication equipment that is used as a link between parties in physically separate locations and includes, but is not limited to, systems providing for two-way simultaneous audio-visual communication; closed circuit television; telephone and facsimile equipment; and electronic mail.
ADULT is any person, other than a juvenile, eighteen years old or older.
AFFIANT is any responsible person, capable of taking an oath, who signs, swears to, affirms, or when permitted by these rules, verifies a written allegation and appreciates the nature and quality of that person's act.
CLERK OF COURTS is that official in each judicial district who has the responsibility and function under state law or local practice to maintain the official court record and docket, without regard to that person's official title.
COPY is an exact duplicate of an original document, including any required signatures, produced through mechanical or electronic means and includes, but is not limited to, copies reproduced by a photocopier, transmission using facsimile equipment, or by scanning into and printing out of a computer.
COURT is the Court of Common Pleas, a court of record, which is assigned to hear juvenile delinquency matters. Court shall include masters when they are permitted to hear cases under these rules and magisterial district judges when issuing an arrest warrant pursuant to Rule 210. Juvenile Court shall have the same meaning as Court.
DETENTION FACILITY is any facility, privately or publicly owned and operated, designated by the court and approved by the Department of Public Welfare to detain a juvenile temporarily. The term detention facility, when used in these rules, shall include shelter-care.
DISPOSITION is a final determination made by the court after an adjudication of delinquency or any determination that ceases juvenile court action on a case.
ELECTRONIC FILING is the electronic transmission of a document to the clerk of courts for filing in a proceeding, including but not limited to, motions, proposed orders, requests, exhibits, and attachments, by means other than facsimile transmission.
ELECTRONIC SERVICE is the electronic transmission of a document to a party, attorney, or representative under these rules.
GUARDIAN is any parent, custodian, or other person who has legal custody of a juvenile, or person designated by the court to be a temporary guardian for purposes of a proceeding.
INTAKE STAFF is any responsible person taking custody of the juvenile on behalf of the court, detention facility, or medical facility.
ISSUING AUTHORITY is any public official having the power and authority of a magistrate, a Philadelphia bail commissioner, or a Magisterial District Judge.
JUVENILE is a person who has attained ten years of age and is not yet twenty-one years of age who is alleged to have committed a delinquent act before reaching eighteen years of age.
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER is any person who is by law given the power to enforce the law when acting within the scope of that person's employment.
MASTER is an attorney with delegated authority to hear and make recommendations for juvenile delinquency matters. Master has the same meaning as hearing officer.
MEDICAL FACILITY is any hospital, urgent care facility, psychiatric or psychological ward, drug and alcohol detoxification or rehabilitation program, or any other similar facility designed to treat a juvenile medically or psychologically.
MINOR is any person, other than a juvenile, under the age of eighteen.
OFFICIAL COURT RECORD is the juvenile court file maintained by the clerk of courts which contains all court orders, court notices, docket entries, filed documents, evidence admitted into the record, and other court designated documents in each juvenile case.
ORDINANCE is a legislative enactment of a political subdivision.
PARTIES are the juvenile and the Commonwealth.
PENAL LAWS include all statutes and embodiments of the common law, which establish, create, or define crimes or offenses, including any ordinances that may provide for placement in a juvenile facility upon a finding of delinquency or upon failure to pay a fine or penalty.
PETITION is a formal document by which an attorney for the Commonwealth or the juvenile probation officer alleges a juvenile to be delinquent.
PETITIONER is an attorney for the Commonwealth or a juvenile probation officer, who signs, swears to, affirms, or verifies and files a petition.
PLACEMENT FACILITY is any facility, privately or publicly owned and operated, that identifies itself either by charter, articles of incorporation or program description, to receive delinquent juveniles as a case disposition. Placement facilities include, but are not limited to, residential facilities, group homes, after-school programs, and day programs, whether secure or non-secure.
POLICE OFFICER is any person, who is by law given the power to arrest when acting within the scope of the person's employment.
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION shall mean county, city, township, borough, or incorporated town or village having legislative authority.
PROCEEDING is any stage in the juvenile delinquency process occurring once a written allegation has been submitted.
RECORDING is the means to provide a verbatim account of a proceeding through the use of a court stenographer, audio recording, audio-visual recording, or other appropriate means.
VERIFICATION is a written statement made by a person that the information provided is true and correct to that person's personal knowledge, information, or belief and that any false statements are subject to the penalties of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904, relating to unsworn falsification to authorities.
WRITTEN ALLEGATION is the document that is completed by a law enforcement officer or other person that is necessary to allege a juvenile has committed an act of delinquency.
Comment ''Clerk of courts'' is the person given the power under state law or local practice to maintain the official court record. See Rule 166 for additional responsibilities of the clerk of courts.
Under the term ''court,'' to determine if masters are permitted to hear cases, see Rule 187. See Rule 210 for the power of magisterial district judges to issue arrest warrants.
The term ''disposition'' includes all final determinations made by the court. A disposition includes a response to an adjudication of delinquency, such as sending the juvenile to a placement facility or placing the juvenile on probation. It also includes other types of final determinations made by the court. Other final determinations include a finding that the juvenile did not commit a delinquent act pursuant to Rule 408(B), a finding that the juvenile is not in need of treatment, rehabilitation, or supervision pursuant to Rule 409(A)(1), dismissing the case ''with prejudice'' prior to an adjudicatory hearing, or any other final action by the court that closes or terminates the case.
The ''official court record'' is to contain all court orders, court notices, docket entries, filed documents, evidence admitted into the record, and other court designated documents in each juvenile case. The court may also designate any document to be a part of the record. It does not include items contained in juvenile probation's reports and files unless they are made a part of the official record by being filed with the clerk of courts.
Neither the definition of ''law enforcement officer'' nor the definition of ''police officer'' gives the power of arrest to any person who is not otherwise given that power by law.
A ''petition'' and a ''written allegation'' are two separate documents and serve two distinct functions. A ''written allegation'' is the document that initiates juvenile delinquency proceedings. Usually, the ''written allegation'' will be filed by a law enforcement officer and will allege that the juvenile has committed a delinquent act that comes within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. This document may have been formerly known as a ''probable cause affidavit,'' ''complaint,'' ''police paper,'' ''charge form,'' ''allegation of delinquency,'' or the like. Once this document is submitted, a preliminary determination of the juvenile court's jurisdiction is to be made. Informal adjustment and other diversionary programs may be pursued. If the attorney for the Commonwealth or the juvenile probation officer determines that formal juvenile court action is necessary, a petition is then filed.
For definition of ''delinquent act,'' see 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302.
Official Note: Rule 120 adopted April 1, 2005, effective October 1, 2005. Amended December 30, 2005, effective immediately. Amended March 23, 2007, effective August 1, 2007. Amended February 26, 2008, effective June 1, 2008. Amended July 28, 2009, effective immediately. Amended December 24, 2009, effective immediately.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the amendments to Rule 120 published with the Court's Order at 36 Pa.B. 186 (January 14, 2006).
Final Report explaining the amendments to Rule 120 published with the Court's Order at 37 Pa.B. 1483 (April 7, 2007).
Final Report explaining the amendments to Rule 120 published with the Court's Order at 38 Pa.B. 1142 (March 8, 2008).
Final Report explaining the amendment to Rule 120 published with the Court's Order at 39 Pa.B. 4743 (August 8, 2009).
Rule 129. [Open Proceedings (Reserved)] Appearance by Advanced Communication Technology.
A. Generally. The juvenile or a witness may appear at a proceeding by utilizing advanced communication technology. At a minimum, the juvenile shall appear in person at least once a year.
B. Requirements. Advanced communication technology shall be utilized only upon:
1) direction or approval of the court; and
2) good cause shown or by agreement of the parties.
C. Counsel.
1) The juvenile shall be permitted to confer with counsel before entering into an agreement under paragraph (B)(2).
2) The juvenile shall be permitted to communicate fully and confidentially with counsel immediately prior to and during the proceeding.
Comment Paragraph (A) requires that every juvenile is to appear in court at least once a year. This includes juveniles who are not removed from their homes but who are under the court's supervision. See also Rule 610 for requirements of dispositional and commitment review hearings.
It is best practice to conduct hearings every three months and for the judge to see the juvenile in person every six months, especially if a long-term disposition is anticipated.
This rule is not intended to compel the use of advanced communication technology but rather permit the use of appearance by telephone or by a system providing two-way simultaneous audio-visual communication. Advanced communication technology may be utilized for the convenience of witnesses; efficient use of resources; or when a party or witness has an illness, is incarcerated, or at a remote location.
Pursuant to paragraph (C)(2), the juvenile is to be permitted to confer with counsel privately. The juvenile is to be afforded all the same rights as if the hearing was held with all parties present in the courtroom.
Rule 130. [Public Discussion by Court Personnel of Pending Matters] Court Fees Prohibited for Advanced Communication Technology.
[All court personnel including, among others, juvenile probation officers, court clerks, bailiffs, tipstaffs, sheriffs, and court stenographers, are prohibited from disclosing to any person, without authorization from the court, information relating to a pending juvenile case that is not part of the court record otherwise available to the public or not part of the record in an open proceeding. This rule specifically prohibits the divulgence of information concerning arguments and proceedings that are closed proceedings, held in chambers, or otherwise outside the presence of the public.]
The court shall not impose any fees upon a party or witness for utilizing advanced communication technology.
Comment See March 13, 2002 Order of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (No. 241 Judicial Administration; Doc. No. 1) which provides that no fees shall be imposed against a defendant in a criminal proceeding for the utilization of advanced communication technology.
Rule 136. Public Discussion by Court Personnel of Pending Matters.
All court personnel including, among others, juvenile probation officers, court clerks, bailiffs, tipstaffs, sheriffs, and court stenographers, are prohibited from disclosing to any person, without authorization from the court, information relating to a pending juvenile case that is not part of the court record otherwise available to the public or not part of the record in an open proceeding. This rule specifically prohibits the divulgence of information concerning arguments and proceedings that are closed proceedings, held in chambers, or otherwise outside the presence of the public.
Rule 140. Bench Warrants for Failure to Appear at Hearings.
A. Issuance of warrant.
1) Before a bench warrant may be issued by a judge, the judge shall find that the subpoenaed or summoned person received sufficient notice of the hearing and failed to appear.
2) For the purpose of a bench warrant, a judge may not find notice solely based on first-class mail service.
B. Entry of warrant information. Upon being notified by the court, the juvenile probation officer or other court designee shall enter or request that a law enforcement officer enter the bench warrant in all appropriate registries.
C. Juvenile.
1) Where to take the juvenile.
a) When a juvenile is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant, the juvenile shall be taken without unnecessary delay to the judge who issued the warrant or a judge designated by the President Judge to hear bench warrants.
b) If the juvenile is not brought before a judge, the juvenile shall be released unless:
i) the warrant specifically orders detention of the juvenile; or
ii) there are circumstances learned at the time of the surrender or apprehension that warrant detention of the juvenile.
c) If a juvenile is detained, the juvenile shall be detained in a detention facility or other facility designated in the bench warrant by the judge pending a hearing.
2) Prompt hearing.
a) If a juvenile is detained pursuant to a specific order in the bench warrant, the juvenile shall be brought before the judge who issued the warrant, a judge designated by the President Judge to hear bench warrants, or an out-of-county judge pursuant to paragraph (C)(4) within seventy-two hours.
b) If the juvenile is not brought before a judge within this time, the juvenile shall be released.
3) Notification of guardian. If a juvenile is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant, the arresting officer shall immediately notify the juvenile's guardian of the juvenile's whereabouts and the reasons for the issuance of the bench warrant.
4) Out-of-county custody.
a) If a juvenile is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant in a county other than the county of issuance, the county of issuance shall be notified immediately.
b) Arrangements to transport the juvenile shall be made immediately.
c) If transportation cannot be arranged immediately, then the juvenile shall be taken without unnecessary delay to a judge of the county where the juvenile is found.
d) The judge will identify the juvenile as the subject of the warrant, decide whether detention is warranted, and order that arrangements be made to transport the juvenile to the county of issuance.
5) Time requirements. The time requirements of Rules 240, 391, 404, 510, and 605 shall be followed.
D. Witnesses.
1) Where to take the witness.
a) When a witness is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant, the witness shall be taken without unnecessary delay to the judge who issued the warrant or a judge designated by the President Judge to hear bench warrants.
b) If the witness is not brought before a judge, the witness shall be released unless the warrant specifically orders detention of the witness.
c) A motion for detention as a witness may be filed anytime before or after the issuance of a bench warrant. The judge may order detention of the witness pending a hearing.
1) Minor. If a detained witness is a minor, the witness shall be detained in a detention facility.
2) Adult. If a detained witness is an adult, the witness shall be detained at the county jail.
2) Prompt hearing.
a) If a witness is detained pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(c) or brought back to the county of issuance pursuant to paragraph (D)(4)(f), the witness shall be brought before the judge by the next business day.
b) If the witness is not brought before a judge within this time, the witness shall be released.
3) Notification of guardian. If a witness who is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant is a minor, the arresting officer shall immediately notify the witness's guardian of the witness's whereabouts and the reasons for the issuance of the bench warrant.
4) Out-of-county custody.
a) If a witness is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant in a county other than the county of issuance, the county of issuance shall be notified immediately.
b) The witness shall be taken without unnecessary delay and within the next business day to a judge of the county where the witness is found.
c) The judge will identify the witness as the subject of the warrant, decide whether detention as a witness is warranted, and order that arrangements be made to transport the witness to the county of issuance.
d) Arrangements to transport the witness shall be made immediately.
e) If transportation cannot be arranged immediately, the witness shall be released unless the warrant or other order of court specifically orders detention of the witness.
i) Minor. If the witness is a minor, the witness may be detained in an out-of-county detention facility.
ii) Adult. If the witness is an adult, the witness may be detained in an out-of-county jail.
f) If detention is ordered, the witness shall be brought back to the county of issuance within seventy-two hours from the execution of the warrant.
g) If the time requirements of this paragraph are not met, the witness shall be released.
E. Advanced Communication Technology. A juvenile or witness may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
F. Return and execution of the warrant for juveniles and witnesses.
1) The bench warrant shall be executed without unnecessary delay.
2) The bench warrant shall be returned to the judge who issued the warrant or to the judge designated by the President Judge to hear bench warrants.
3) When the bench warrant is executed, the arresting officer shall immediately execute a return of the warrant with the judge.
4) Upon the return of the warrant, the judge shall vacate the bench warrant.
5) Once the warrant is vacated, the juvenile probation officer or other court designee shall remove or request that a law enforcement officer remove the bench warrant in all appropriate registries.
Comment Pursuant to paragraph (A), the judge is to ensure that the person received sufficient notice of the hearing and failed to attend. The judge may order that the person be served in-person or by certified mail, return receipt. The judge may rely on first-class mail service if additional evidence of sufficient notice is presented. For example, testimony that the person was told in person about the hearing is sufficient notice. Before issuing a bench warrant, the judge should determine if the guardian was notified.
Under Rule 800, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6335(c) was suspended only to the extent that it is inconsistent with this rule. Under paragraph (A)(1), the judge is to find a subpoenaed or summoned person failed to appear and sufficient notice was given to issue a bench warrant. The fact that the juvenile or witness may abscond or may not attend or be brought to a hearing is not sufficient evidence for a bench warrant. This rule, however, does not prohibit probation from recommending detention for a juvenile. The normal rules of procedure in these rules are to be followed if a juvenile is detained. See Chapter Two, Part D.
Pursuant to paragraph (C), the ''juvenile'' is the subject of the delinquency proceedings. When a witness is a child, the witness is referred to as a ''minor.'' This distinction is made to differentiate between children who are alleged delinquents and children who are witnesses. See paragraph (C) for alleged delinquents and paragraph (D) for witnesses. See also Rule 120 for definition of ''juvenile'' and ''minor.''
Pursuant to paragraph (C)(1)(a), the juvenile is to be taken immediately to the judge who issued the bench warrant or a judge designated by the President Judge of that county to hear bench warrants. Pursuant to paragraph (C)(1)(b), if a bench warrant specifically provides that the juvenile may be detained in a detention facility, the juvenile may be detained without having to be brought before the judge until a hearing within seventy-two hours under paragraph (C)(2)(a). The juvenile is not to languish in a detention facility. Pursuant to this paragraph, if a hearing is not held promptly, the juvenile is to be released. See paragraph (C)(2)(b).
Under paragraphs (C)(2) and (C)(4), a juvenile taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant is to have a hearing within seventy-two hours regardless of where the juvenile is found. See Rule 240(C).
Pursuant to paragraph (C)(4), the juvenile may be detained out-of-county until transportation arrangements can be made.
Pursuant to paragraph (C)(5), the time requirements of all other rules are to apply to juveniles who are detained. See, e.g., Rules 240, 391, 404, 510, and 605.
Pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(a), the witness is to be taken immediately to the judge who issued the bench warrant or a judge designated by the President Judge of that county to hear bench warrants. Pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(b), if the judge is not available, the witness is to be released immediately unless the warrant specifically orders detention. Pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(c), a motion for detention as a witness may be filed. If the witness is detained, a prompt hearing pursuant to paragraph (D)(2) is to be held by the next business day or the witness is to be released. See paragraph (D)(2)(b).
Pursuant to paragraph (D)(4)(b), a witness is to be brought before an out-of-county judge by the next business day unless the witness can be brought before the judge who issued the bench warrant within this time. When the witness is transported back to the county of issuance within seventy-two hours of the execution of the bench warrant, the witness is to be brought before the judge who issued the bench warrant by the next business day. See paragraph (D)(4)(f).
Pursuant to paragraph [(E)(2)] (F)(2), the bench warrant is to be returned to the judge who issued the warrant or to the judge designated by the President Judge to hear warrants by the arresting officer executing a return of warrant. See paragraph [(E)(3)] (F)(3).
Pursuant to paragraph [(E)(4)] (F)(4), the bench warrant is to be vacated after the return of the warrant is executed. ''Vacated'' is to denote that the bench warrant has been served, dissolved, executed, dismissed, canceled, returned, or any other similar language used by the judge to terminate the warrant. The bench warrant is no longer in effect once it has been vacated.
Pursuant to paragraph [(E)(5)] (F)(5), once the warrant is vacated, the juvenile probation officer, other court designee, or law enforcement officer is to remove the warrant from all appropriate registries so the juvenile is not taken into custody on the same warrant if the juvenile is released.
See 42 Pa.C.S. § 4132 for punishment of contempt for juveniles and witnesses.
Rule 141. Bench Warrants for Absconders.
A. Issuance of warrant. The juvenile probation officer shall immediately notify the court upon notification or recognition that a juvenile has absconded from the supervision of the court. The court may issue a bench warrant for the juvenile.
B. Entry of warrant information. Upon being notified by the court, the juvenile probation officer or other court designee shall enter or request that a law enforcement officer enter the bench warrant in all appropriate registries.
C. Where to take the juvenile. The juvenile shall be detained in a detention facility or other facility designated in the bench warrant pending a hearing pursuant to paragraph (D).
D. Prompt hearing.
1) The juvenile shall have a detention hearing within seventy-two hours of the placement in detention.
2) A juvenile may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
E. Time requirements. The time requirements of Rules 240, 391, 404, 510, and 605 shall be followed.
F. Notification of guardian. When the juvenile is taken into custody pursuant to a bench warrant, the arresting officer shall immediately notify the juvenile's guardian of the juvenile's whereabouts and the reasons for the issuance of the bench warrant.
G. Return and execution of the warrant.
1) The bench warrant shall be executed without unnecessary delay.
2) The bench warrant shall be returned to the judge who issued the warrant or to the judge designated by the President Judge to hear bench warrants.
3) When the bench warrant is executed, the arresting officer shall immediately execute a return of the warrant with the judge.
4) Upon the return of the warrant, the judge shall vacate the bench warrant.
5) Once the warrant is vacated, the court shall order the probation officer or other court designee to remove or request that a law enforcement officer remove the warrant from all appropriate registries.
Comment Pursuant to paragraph (A), when a juvenile: 1) escapes from a placement facility, detention facility, shelter care facility, foster-care, or other court-ordered program or placement; 2) fails to report to juvenile probation; 3) cannot be located by juvenile probation; or 4) otherwise leaves the jurisdiction of the court, the court may issue a warrant for the juvenile.
Pursuant to paragraph (B), the court is to notify the juvenile probation officer or another court designee to enter or request that a law enforcement officer enter the bench warrant in all appropriate registries, such as JNET, CLEAN, PCIC, and NCIC.
Pursuant to paragraph (C), the juvenile is to be detained in a detention facility or any other facility designated in the bench warrant. If a juvenile is taken into custody pursuant to the bench warrant in a county other than the county of issuance, the juvenile is to be transported back to the county of issuance prior to the seventy-two-hour detention hearing mandated pursuant to paragraph (D)(1).
Pursuant to paragraphs (D)(1) and (E), the time requirements of the Rules of Juvenile Court Procedure are to apply, including the seventy-two hour detention hearing. See, e.g., Rules 240, 391, 404, 510, and 605.
The arresting officer is to notify the juvenile's guardian of the arrest, the reasons for the arrest, and the juvenile's whereabouts under paragraph (F).
Pursuant to paragraph (G)(2), the bench warrant is to be returned to the judge who issued the warrant or to the judge designated by the President Judge to hear warrants by the arresting officer executing a return of warrant. See paragraph (G)(3).
Pursuant to paragraph (G)(4), the bench warrant is to be vacated after the return of the warrant is executed. ''Vacated'' is to denote that the bench warrant has been served, dissolved, executed, dismissed, canceled, returned, or any other similar language used by the judge to terminate the warrant. The bench warrant is no longer in effect once it has been vacated.
Pursuant to paragraph (G)(5), once the warrant is vacated, the juvenile probation officer or other court designee is to remove the warrant or request that a law enforcement officer remove the warrant from all appropriate registries so the juvenile is not taken into custody on the same warrant if the juvenile is released.
PART C. RECORDS
PART C(1). ACCESS TO JUVENILE RECORDS Rule 160. Inspection of the Official Court Record.
A. General Rule. The official court record is only open to inspection by:
1) the judges, masters, juvenile probation officers, and staff of the court;
2) the attorney for the Commonwealth, the juvenile's attorney, and the juvenile, but the persons in this category shall not be permitted to see reports revealing the names of confidential sources of information, except at the discretion of the court;
3) a public or private agency or institution providing supervision or having custody of the juvenile under order of the court;
4) a court, its probation officers, other officials or professional staff, and the attorney for the defendant for use in preparing a pre-sentence report in a criminal case in which the defendant is convicted and the defendant previously was adjudicated delinquent;
5) a judge or issuing authority for use in determining bail, provided that such inspection is limited to orders of delinquency adjudications and dispositions, orders resulting from dispositional review hearings, and histories of bench warrants and escapes;
6) the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts;
7) the judges, juvenile probation officers, and staff of courts of other jurisdictions when necessary for the discharge of their official duties;
8) officials of the Department of Corrections, a state correctional institution or other penal institution to which an individual who was previously adjudicated delinquent in a proceeding under the Juvenile Act has been committed, but the persons in this category shall not be permitted to see reports revealing the names of confidential sources of information contained in social reports, except at the discretion of the court;
9) a parole board, court, or county probation official in considering an individual who was previously adjudicated delinquent in a proceeding under the Juvenile Act, but the persons in this category shall not be permitted to see reports revealing the names of confidential sources of information contained in social reports, except at the discretion of the court;
10) the State Sexual Offenders Assessment Board for use in completing assessments; and
11) with leave of court, any other person, agency, or institution having a legitimate interest in the proceedings or in the work of the unified judicial system.
B. Public availability. Upon request, a public document shall be created by the clerk of courts if the case is designated eligible for public inspection pursuant to Rule 330 or 515.
1) For cases deemed eligible pursuant to Rule 330, the public document shall contain only the following information:
a) the juvenile's name;
b) the juvenile's age;
c) the juvenile's address; and
d) the offenses alleged in the juvenile's petition.
2) For cases deemed eligible pursuant to Rule 515, the public document shall contain only the following information:
a) the juvenile's name;
b) the juvenile's age;
c) the juvenile's address;
d) the offenses alleged in the juvenile's petition;
e) the adjudication on each allegation; and
f) the disposition of the case.
C. Electronic records. Unless authorized by the court, there shall be no public access to juvenile case records maintained in electronic format in the court information systems.
Comment See the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6307, for the statutory provisions on inspection of the juvenile's file and 42 Pa.C.S. § 6352.1 for disclosure of treatment records.
See Rule 120 for definition of the ''official court record.''
This rule is meant to include the contents of the official court record as described in Rule 166.
When delinquency proceedings are commenced pursuant to Rule 200(4), the entire criminal court file is to be transferred with the case to juvenile court. This criminal case file is now the juvenile court file, which is the official court record, and the disclosure requirements of this rule apply.
Under paragraph (B), there is one document for each eligible case that is open for public inspection. The public document should be clearly marked for employees of the clerks of courts' office as the only document available for inspection by the general public. All other information contained in the official court record is not open for public inspection but only open to inspection to the persons enumerated in paragraph (A).
See Rule 330 for designation of public availability status in the juvenile petition. See Rule 515 for designation of public availability status in the dispositional order.
CHAPTER 2. COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS, ARREST PROCEDURES, WRITTEN ALLEGATION, AND PRE-ADJUDICATORY DETENTION
PART D. PRE-ADJUDICATORY DETENTION Rule 242. Detention Hearing.
A. Informing juvenile of rights. Upon commencement of the hearing, the court shall:
1) provide a copy of the written allegation to the juvenile and the juvenile's guardian, if present;
2) inform the juvenile of the right to counsel and to assigned counsel; and
3) inform the juvenile of the right to remain silent with respect to any allegation of delinquency.
B. Manner of hearing.
1) Conduct. The hearing shall be conducted in an informal but orderly manner.
2) Recording. If requested by the juvenile or the Commonwealth, or if ordered by the court, the hearing shall be recorded by appropriate means. If not so recorded, full minutes of the hearing shall be kept.
3) Testimony and evidence. All evidence helpful in determining the questions presented, including oral or written reports, may be received by the court and relied upon to the extent of its probative value even though not competent in the hearing on the petition. The juvenile's attorney, the juvenile, if unrepresented, and the attorney for the Commonwealth shall be afforded an opportunity to examine and controvert written reports so received.
4) Presence at hearing. The juvenile shall be present at the detention hearing and the juvenile's attorney or the juvenile, if unrepresented, may:
a) cross-examine witnesses offered against the juvenile; and
b) offer evidence or witnesses, if any, pertinent to the probable cause or detention determination.
5) Advanced Communication Technology. A juvenile or witness may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
C. Findings. The court shall determine whether:
1) there is probable cause that a delinquent act was committed by the juvenile; and
2) detention of the juvenile is warranted.
D. Filing of petition. If a juvenile remains detained after the hearing, a petition shall be filed with the clerk of courts within twenty-four hours or the next court business day.
Comment A detention hearing consists of two stages. The first stage of a detention hearing is a probable cause hearing. If probable cause is not found, the juvenile is to be released. If probable cause is found, then the court is to proceed to the second stage.
The second stage of a detention hearing is a detention determination hearing. The court should hear pertinent evidence concerning the detention status of the juvenile, review and consider all alternatives to secure detention, and determine if the detention of the juvenile is warranted.
The procedures of paragraph (D) deviate from the procedures of the Juvenile Act. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 6331. Under paragraph (D), a petition does not have to be filed within twenty-four hours of the juvenile's detention; rather, the petition should be filed within twenty-four hours of the conclusion of the detention hearing if the juvenile is detained. See Rule 800. If the juvenile is not detained, a petition may be filed at any time prior to the adjudicatory hearing. However, the juvenile's attorney should have sufficient notice of the allegations prior to the adjudicatory hearing to prepare for the defense of the juvenile. See Rule 363 for time of service. See Rule 331 for service of the petition. See Rule 330 for petition requirements.
See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6332, 6336, and 6338 for the statutory provisions concerning informal hearings and other basic rights.
CHAPTER 3. PRE-ADJUDICATORY PROCEDURES
PART D(1). MOTION PROCEDURES Rule 345. Filing and Service.
A. [Filings] Generally.
1) [Generally] Filings. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, all written motions, and any notice or document for which filing is required, shall be filed with the clerk of courts.
[2)] a) Clerk of courts' duties. Except as provided in paragraph [(A)(3)] (A)(1)(b), the clerk of courts shall docket a written motion, notice, or document when it is received and record the time of filing in the docket. The clerk of courts promptly shall transmit a copy of these papers to such person as may be designated by the court.
[3)] b) Filings by represented juveniles. In any case in which a juvenile is represented by an attorney, if the juvenile submits for filing a written motion, notice, or document that has not been signed by the juvenile's attorney, the clerk of courts shall not file the motion, notice, or document in the official court record or make a docket entry, but shall forward it promptly to the juvenile's attorney.
2) Service. The party filing the document shall serve the other party concurrently with the filing.
3) Proof of service. All documents that are filed and served pursuant to this rule shall include a certificate of service.
B. By Paper.
[4)] 1) Method of filing. Filing may be accomplished by:
a) personal delivery to the clerk of courts; or
b) mail addressed to the clerk of courts, provided, however, that filing by mail shall be timely only when actually received by the clerk within the time fixed for filing.
[B. Service.
1) Generally. The party filing the document shall serve the other party concurrently with the filing.]
2) Method of service [to parties]. Service on the parties shall be by:
a) personal delivery of a copy to a party's attorney, or, if unrepresented, the party; or
b) mailing a copy to a party's attorney or leaving a copy for the attorney at the attorney's office; or
c) in those judicial districts that maintain in the courthouse assigned boxes for counsel to receive service, leaving a copy for the attorney in the attorney's box; or
d) sending a copy to an unrepresented juvenile by first class mail addressed to the juvenile's place of residence, detention, or placement.
C. [Proof of service. All documents that are filed and served pursuant to this rule shall include a certificate of service.] Local Rule. If a county has promulgated a local rule regarding electronic filing, the local rule shall comply with Rule 121 and include, at a minimum, provisions which address the following:
1) whether the electronic filing system is permissive or mandatory;
2) if a local rule provides that electronic filing is mandatory, the necessary technical assistance that will be provided to those parties lacking the capability to file documents electronically;
3) methods of accessing the electronic filing systems;
4) which proceedings and documents are subject to the local rule;
5) the specified formats in which all documents shall be submitted to the clerk of courts for filing;
6) the manner in which the clerk of courts will acknowledge receipt, including date and time, of the filed documents to the filing party;
7) the specific time deadline for making electronic filings;
8) the manner in which payment will occur and the costs of the electronic filing;
9) procedures for sending filing status messages to the filing party;
10) whether the clerk of courts will maintain an electronic file only or an electronic file and a hard copy file;
11) procedures for extending the filing time if there is a failure in the county's electronic filing system;
12) back-up procedures if there is a prolonged failure in the county's electronic filing system; and
13) any additional procedures, if necessary, to ensure the security of the website and electronic files.
D. By Electronic Means or Facsimile Transmission. Documents may be filed or served by electronic means and/or facsimile transmission if a county has promulgated a local rule permitting or mandating such filings and service.
1) Electronic Fling. If a county has promulgated a local rule pursuant to paragraph (C) and Rule 121, electronic filing shall be permitted or mandated.
a) Any document that is submitted for electronic filing shall be deemed the original document;
b) The electronic filing of a document constitutes a certification by the filing party that a hard copy was properly signed and, when applicable, verified;
c) The clerk of courts shall provide electronic access at all times;
d) The clerk of courts shall provide, through the electronic filing system, an acknowledgement of receipt of a document, including the date and time of receipt, in a form that can be printed for retention by the filing party;
e) If a document is not accepted for filing by the clerk of courts or electronic filing system, the clerk of courts or electronic filing system shall immediately notify the filing party of this fact and the reason(s); and
f) Except when caused by the failure of a county's electronic filing system, the filing party shall be responsible for any delay, disruption, interruption of the electronic signals, and legibility of the document that is electronically filed.
2) Electronic service.
a) If a person has electronically filed a document, then parties may be served by electronic service if the parties agree and provide electronic mail addresses to the court.
b) Service by electronic transmission is complete when a document is sent to:
i) the recipient's electronic mail address; or
ii) to the county's electronic filing system website, which in return sends a message to the recipient stating that the document has been filed and is available for review on the system's web site.
3) Facsimile Transmission.
a) A party may be served by facsimile transmission, if the parties agree and provide a telephone number for the facsimile transmission to the court.
b) The facsimile cover sheet shall include the:
i) names, firms, addresses, telephone numbers, facsimile telephone numbers of the party making service and the party being served;
ii) title(s) of the document being served; and
iii) number of pages transmitted.
c) Service by facsimile transmission is complete when a document is confirmed as sent.
Comment See Rule 166 for maintaining records in the clerk of courts.
Under paragraph [(A)(2)] (A)(1)(a), the court is to designate a court official to process motions and other matters for appropriate scheduling and resolution.
Under paragraph [(B)] (A)(2), the party filing a document is required to serve the other party.
This rule does not affect court orders, which are to be served upon each party's attorney and the juvenile, if unrepresented, by the clerk of courts as provided in Rule 167.
Pursuant to paragraph (C), a county may promulgate a local rule permitting or mandating electronic filing. The local rule is to provide specific guidelines on every aspect of the procedure and a means to accommodate those who may assistance during the process.
Specific time requirements are to be set under paragraph (C)(7). For example, the county is to specify whether a document is due at the close of the business day, listing the specific time, or whether the document is due by the end of the actual day at midnight.
Pursuant to paragraph (C)(12), the county is to implement back-up procedures due to a system failure.
Paragraph (D)(1) sets forth the requirements for electronic filings. Pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(e), if the electronic filing system fails, the party is to be notified immediately. This notification could be an automatic transmission from the electronic filing system that the transmission failed or the clerk of courts may relay this fact to the filing party as soon as it is realized that there was a failure in the system.
If there was not a failure in a county's electronic filing system, all delays, disruptions, interruptions of electronic signals, and legibility of a document are to be the sole responsibility of the filing party. Any time requirements of these rules not met because of such errors are to be the sole responsibility of the filing party. The filing party should ensure the receipt of electronic filing pursuant to paragraph (D)(1)(d) to alleviate any concerns.
Pursuant to paragraph (D)(2) & (3), a party may be served by electronic service or facsimile transmission. If the parties have agreed to electronic service, the attorneys are to provide the court with an electronic mail address or phone number for facsimile transmission.
This rule is not intended to compel the use of electronic filing. The purpose of this rule is not to provide a comprehensive manual but, rather, a framework upon which a local court can proceed with the electronic filing and service of legal papers, while allowing the flexibility to adapt the process on the basis of actual experience.
See Rule 121 for procedures of local rules.
For service of petitions, see Rule 331.
PART G. TRANSFER FOR CRIMINAL PROSECUTION Rule 394. Transfer Hearing.
A. Scheduling. The court shall conduct a transfer hearing no earlier than three days after the notice of request for transfer to criminal proceedings is served unless this time requirement is waived.
B. Advanced Communication Technology. A juvenile or witness may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
C. Findings. At the hearing, if the court finds:
1) the juvenile is fourteen years old or older at the time of the alleged delinquent act;
2) notice has been given pursuant to Rule 390;
3) there is a prima facie showing of evidence that the juvenile committed a felony delinquent act;
4) there are reasonable grounds to believe that transfer of the case for criminal prosecution will serve the public interest by considering all the relevant factors; and
5) there are reasonable grounds to believe that the juvenile is not committable to an institution for the mentally retarded or mentally ill,
[Then] then the court shall transfer the case to the division or a judge of the court assigned to conduct criminal proceedings for prosecution. Otherwise, the court shall schedule an adjudicatory hearing.
Comment The transfer hearing ordinarily has two phases. The first phase of the transfer hearing is the ''prima facie phase.'' The court should determine if there is a prima facie showing of evidence that the juvenile committed a delinquent act and if an adult committed the offense, it would be considered a felony. If a prima facie showing of evidence is found, the court proceeds to the second phase, known as the ''public interest phase.'' During the ''public interest phase,'' the court should determine if the juvenile is amenable to treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation as a juvenile and what is in the public's interest.
In determining public interest, the court should balance the following factors: 1) the impact of the offense on the victim or victims; 2) the impact of the offense on the community; 3) the threat posed by the juvenile to the safety of the public or any individual; 4) the nature and circumstances of the offense allegedly committed by the juvenile; 5) the degree of the juvenile's culpability; 6) the adequacy and duration of dispositional alternatives available under the Juvenile Act and in the adult criminal justice system; and 7) whether the juvenile is amenable to treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation as a juvenile by considering the following factors: a) age; b) mental capacity; c) maturity; d) the degree of criminal sophistication exhibited by the juvenile; e) previous records, if any; f) the nature and extent of any prior delinquent history, including the success or failure of any previous attempt by the juvenile court to rehabilitate the juvenile; g) whether the juvenile can be rehabilitated prior to the expiration of the juvenile court jurisdiction; h) probation or institutional reports, if any; and 8) any other relevant factors.
The burden of establishing by a preponderance of evidence that the public interest is served by the transfer of the case to criminal court and that the juvenile is not amenable to treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation in the juvenile system rests with the Commonwealth unless: 1) a deadly weapon as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301 (relating to definitions) was used and the juvenile was fourteen years of age at the time of the offense; or the juvenile was fifteen years of age or older at the time of the offense and was previously adjudicated delinquent of a crime that would be considered a felony if committed by an adult; and 2) there is a prima facie case that the juvenile committed a delinquent act that, if committed by an adult, would be classified as rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, aggravated assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) or (2) (relating to aggravated assault), robbery as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(i), (ii) or (iii)(relating to robbery), robbery of motor vehicle, aggravated indecent assault, kidnapping, voluntary manslaughter, an attempt, conspiracy, or solicitation to commit any of these crimes or an attempt to commit murder as specified in paragraph (2)(ii) of the definition of ''delinquent act'' in 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302. If the preceding criteria are met, then the burden of proof rests with the juvenile. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 6355.
For detention time requirements for juveniles scheduled for a transfer hearing, see Rule 391.
CHAPTER 4. ADJUDICATORY HEARING Rule 406. Adjudicatory Hearing
A. Manner of hearing. The court shall conduct the adjudicatory hearing without a jury, in an informal but orderly manner.
B. Recording. The adjudicatory hearing shall be recorded. The recording shall be transcribed:
1) at the request of a party;
2) pursuant to a court order; or
3) when there is an appeal.
C. Advanced Communication Technology. A juvenile or witness may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
Comment Under paragraph (A), the juvenile does not have the right to trial by jury. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528 (1971).
CHAPTER 5. DISPOSITIONAL HEARING
PART B. DISPOSITIONAL HEARING AND AIDS Rule 512. Dispositional Hearing.
A. Manner of hearing. The court shall conduct the dispositional hearing in an informal but orderly manner.
1) Evidence. The court shall receive any oral or written evidence which is helpful in determining disposition, including evidence that was not admissible at the adjudicatory hearing.
2) Opportunity to be heard. Before deciding disposition, the court shall give the juvenile and the victim an opportunity to make a statement.
3) Advanced Communication Technology. A juvenile or witness may appear by utilizing advanced communication technology pursuant to Rule 129.
B. Recording. The dispositional hearing shall be recorded. The recording shall be transcribed:
1) at the request of a party;
2) pursuant to a court order; or
3) when there is an appeal.
C. Duties of the court. The court shall determine on the record that the juvenile has been advised of the following:
1) the right to file a post-dispositional motion;
2) the right to file an appeal;
3) the time limits for a post-dispositional motion and appeal;
4) the right to counsel to prepare the motion and appeal;
5) the time limits within which the post-dispositional motion shall be decided; and
6) that issues raised before and during adjudication shall be deemed preserved for appeal whether or not the juvenile elects to file a post-dispositional motion.
Comment Under paragraph (A)(2), for victim's right to be heard, see Victim's Bill of Rights, 18 P. S. § 11.201 et seq.
To the extent practicable, the judge or master that presided over the adjudicatory hearing for a juvenile should preside over the dispositional hearing for the same juvenile.
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