[44 Pa.B. 3929]
[Saturday, June 28, 2014]
[Continued from previous Web Page] Miscellaneous
A commentator noted that there are approximately 1,812 companies in this Commonwealth employing about 60,000 workers engaged in the printing industry. As reported in the 2010 Print Market Atlas, reporting 2009 data, the value of goods shipped for the industry in this Commonwealth is approximately $9.4 billion. Over 73% of printers in this Commonwealth employ fewer than 20 employees. The Board thanks the commentator for the information.
Two commentators noted that, since the majority of the printers in this Commonwealth employ 20 persons or less, the proposed rules are too complicated and burdensome with which to comply. In response, the Board explains that it revised the rulemaking from proposed to final in ways that reduce the complexity and burden. For example, the Board revised the applicability provisions in the final-form rulemaking from daily to monthly emission thresholds and made revisions to recordkeeping requirements applicable to the owners and operators of smaller printing facilities. Furthermore, the addition of the ability to use the highest VOC content in any material in a class to represent that class of material offers an option which reduces the calculation and paperwork burden for the facilities in the flexographic, lithographic or letterpress printing industry. Under the final-form rulemaking, the owners and operators of a large portion of small business-sized printing operations will only need to keep minimal records to establish that they are not subject to the remaining control or compliance portions of the final-form rulemaking and report these records to the Department if requested.
In further response to this comment, and as referred to in the last response under ''fiscal impact,'' the Board made some inquiries of owners or operators of small business-sized printing operations with less than 20 employees—the size that the printing industry trade association references for considering a printer to be a small business—about amounts of VOC emissions. The Department evaluated the Department of Transportation's (DOT) graphic arts operation, which is staffed with 18 employees and consists of 2 sheet-fed offset lithographic presses and 4 (offset) duplicating presses, and the associated annual material throughput of inks, fountain solutions, cleaning materials and adhesives, as an example. The evaluation determined that the print shop would not meet the minimum VOC emission threshold to be subject to the material VOC content limits or control requirements included in this final-form rulemaking. The Board believes that the DOT print shop is similar in size and throughput to the majority of printers in this Commonwealth that employ 20 persons or less and that are of concern to the printing industry trade association. The Board therefore further believes that few of the smaller printing operations will be subject to the control portions of the final-form rulemaking. See responses to previous comments in which the Board explains its revisions to proposed provisions commentators identified as burdensome.
A commentator suggested that printers should be given credit for efficiencies captured on heatset presses. The Board agrees and included the VOC emission retention factors and capture efficiency factors in final-form § 129.67b(l).
A commentator noted that the draft rulemaking did not address key emission and retention factors that are specific to the lithographic printing industry and are necessary to perform accurate emission determinations. To ensure that the proper emission and retention factors are applied for purposes of determining applicability and compliance, the appropriate factors need to be included in the revisions to the final-form rulemaking. The recommended section clarifies the methodology for estimating actual emissions in the lithographic printing industry, saving administrative time and costs for both the Department and the printing industry. The inclusion of the emission and retention factors are supported by the EPA in the CTG on pages 18—20. The commentator suggested language to revise the section. The Board agrees with the comment and included the VOC emission retention factors and capture efficiency factors in final-form § 129.67b(l).
G. Benefits, Costs and Compliance
Benefits
Implementation of the VOC emission control measures in the final-form rulemaking for flexible package printing press, offset lithographic printing press and letterpress printing press sources will benefit the health and welfare of the approximately 12 million residents and the numerous animals, crops, vegetation and natural areas of this Commonwealth by reducing emissions of VOCs, which are precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone air pollution. Exposure to ground-level ozone is a serious human and animal health and welfare threat, causing respiratory illnesses and decreased lung function, agricultural crop loss, visible foliar injury to sensitive plant species, and damage to forests, ecosystems and infrastructure.
This final-form rulemaking is designed to adopt the standards and recommendations in the 2006 CTGs for flexible package printing and for offset lithographic printing and letterpress printing to meet the requirements of sections 172(c)(1), 182(b)(2) and 184(b)(1)(B) of the CAA. The final-form rulemaking will apply the CTGs' standards and recommendations across this Commonwealth, as required under section 184(b)(1)(B) of the CAA. The measures in the final-form rulemaking are reasonably necessary to attain and maintain the health-and welfare-based 8-hour ozone NAAQS in this Commonwealth.
The Statewide implementation of the final-form rulemaking control measures will assist the Department in reducing VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing presses, offset lithographic printing presses and letterpress printing presses locally and reducing the resultant local formation of ground-level ozone and transport of VOC emissions and ground-level ozone to downwind states, and will facilitate implementation and enforcement of the final-form rulemaking within this Commonwealth.
The GAA has identified approximately 1,800 printing facilities in this Commonwealth as potentially subject to this final-form rulemaking, including 114 flexographic and gravure printing and 1,758 lithographic and letterpress printing facilities. However, the Department believes that these numbers are an overestimation because they appear to double-count facilities that offer multiple types of printing services. Furthermore, due to the applicability thresholds in the final-form rulemaking, not all of these printing facilities will be subject to the VOC content limits, control provisions or work practice standards for cleaning activities of the final-form rulemaking. The Department used these GAA-provided numbers and certain assumptions provided by the EPA in the CTGs for these source categories to estimate the worst-case scenario of numbers of facilities subject to the final-form rulemaking and the associated emission reductions and costs.
The Department estimates that of the 114 flexographic and gravure printing facilities, there may be as many as 52 flexible packaging printing facilities subject to the final-form rulemaking at the equal to or greater than 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold of actual VOC emissions and required to implement recordkeeping and reporting requirements and work practice standards for cleaning activities. Thirteen of these 52 facilities could also be subject at the threshold of potential VOC emissions equal to or greater than 25 tpy, before consideration of add-on controls, from the dryer of an individual press, thereby requiring VOC emission limitations or add-on air pollution control devices and implementation of recordkeeping and reporting requirements and work practice standards for cleaning activities. The remaining 62 facilities, namely those with actual VOC emissions below the 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold, would be subject only to the recordkeeping requirements and, if requested by the Department, reporting requirements of the final-form rulemaking.
The Department estimates that as many as 387 of the 1,758 offset lithographic printing and letterpress printing facilities may be subject to the final-form rulemaking at the equal to or greater than 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold of actual VOC emissions, thereby requiring implementation of VOC content emission limits for the fountain solutions for each offset lithographic printing press and control of the VOC content of cleaning solutions and work practice standards for cleaning activities and recordkeeping and reporting requirements for each affected offset lithographic printing press or letterpress printing press at the facility. The Department further estimates that 39 of these 387 facilities could be subject at the threshold of potential VOC emissions equal to or greater than 25 tpy, before consideration of add-on controls, from the dryer of a single heatset web offset lithographic printing press or heatset web letterpress printing press, thereby requiring VOC content emission limits or add-on control for the fountain solutions, and implementation of recordkeeping and reporting requirements and work practice standards for cleaning activities. The remaining 1,371 facilities, namely those with actual VOC emissions below the 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold, would be subject only to the recordkeeping requirements and, if requested by the Department, reporting requirements of the final-form rulemaking.
The estimated maximum anticipated additional VOC emission reductions from implementation of the flexible packaging printing press portion of the final-form rulemaking range from 93 tpy to 114 tpy. The estimated maximum anticipated additional VOC emission reductions from implementation of the offset lithographic printing press and letterpress printing press portion of the final-form rulemaking range from 553 tpy to 583 tpy. The actual amount of additional VOC emission reductions will be lower if the owners and operators of the affected facilities already comply with all or portions of the final-form rulemaking.
Although the final-form rulemaking is designed primarily to reduce ozone precursor emissions, the reformulation of noncomplying inks, coatings, adhesives and other printing materials or substitution of complying inks, coatings, adhesives and other printing materials to meet the VOC content limits applicable to users may also result in reduction of indoor and outdoor HAP emissions, which are also a serious health threat.
Compliance Costs
Flexible packaging printing press operations
The final-form rulemaking will affect the owner and operator of a flexible packaging printing press if an individual flexible packaging printing press has potential emissions from the dryer of at least 25 tpy of VOC from inks, coatings or adhesives, or a combination of these materials, before consideration of add-on controls. The final-form rulemaking requires an overall VOC control efficiency of 65% to 80% for each affected flexible packaging printing press, depending on date of first installation of the press and of the control device. This level of control may be met through the use of add-on controls, the use and application of low VOC-content or VOC-free inks, coatings and adhesives, or a combination of these methods. Users of inks, coatings and adhesives that meet the VOC emission limits in the final-form rulemaking will benefit by not needing to use add-on controls to reduce VOC emissions.
The final-form rulemaking includes requirements for work practice standards for cleaning activities that will apply to the owner and operator of an individual flexible packaging printing press with potential emissions of VOC equal to or greater than 25 tpy, before consideration of add-on controls, as well as the owner and operator of a facility where the total actual VOC emissions from all flexible packaging printing operations, and all emissions from related cleaning activities, are equal to or exceed 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
The final-form rulemaking requires recordkeeping by owners and operators of flexible packaging printing presses with potential VOC emissions equal to or above the 25 tpy threshold, before consideration of add-on controls, and those with actual VOC emissions equal to and above, as well as those with actual VOC emissions below, the 450 pounds per month threshold.
Offset lithographic printing press and letterpress printing press operations
The final-form rulemaking affects the owner and operator of an individual heatset web offset lithographic printing press or an individual heatset web letterpress printing press if the potential emissions from the dryer, before consideration of add-on controls, are at least 25 tpy of VOC emissions from heatset inks, coatings and adhesives. The final-form rulemaking requires add-on VOC emission control, with a minimum level of VOC control efficiency of 90% to 95%, for the heatset dryer. The required minimum applicability level of VOC control efficiency for the control of VOC emissions from a heatset dryer is tied to the first installation date of the air pollution control device. The dryer pressure shall be maintained lower than the press room area pressure so that air flows into the dryer at all times when the press is operating.
The final-form rulemaking includes requirements for cleaning solutions and fountain solutions, and work practice requirements for cleaning solutions for owners and operators of offset lithographic printing press and letterpress printing press operations with VOC emissions equal to or above the 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold.
The final-form rulemaking requires recordkeeping by owners and operators of offset lithographic printing press and letterpress printing press operations with potential VOC emissions equal to or above the 25 tpy threshold, before consideration of add-on controls, and those with actual VOC emissions equal to and above, as well as those with actual VOC emissions below, the 450 pounds per month or 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period threshold.
Numbers applicable to all operations covered by the final-form rulemaking
The Department worked with information provided by the GAA and information in a Department database to estimate the number of facilities that will be covered by the final-form rulemaking. According to a representative of the GAA, there are about 1,800 printing facilities in this Commonwealth that offer a printing service potentially covered by this final-form rulemaking, including 114 flexographic and gravure facilities and 1,758 lithographic and letterpress facilities. However, these numbers are overestimations because they double count facilities that offer multiple printing services. Furthermore, due to the applicability thresholds in the final-form rulemaking, not all of these printing facilities will be subject to the VOC content limits, control provisions or work practice standards for cleaning activities of the final-form rulemaking. The GAA information does not list emission estimates; therefore, determining the number of facilities actually subject to the emission thresholds of the final-form rulemaking from this source of information alone is impossible.
A search of the Department's Environmental Facility Application Compliance Tracking System (eFACTS) database and AIMS database generated a list of over 100 printing facilities that could potentially be subject to the final-form rulemaking based on North America Industry Classification System codes regarding printing. These are two Department databases that share data and interface with each other. Facility contact information is inputted into eFACTS; the database contains records of permitted and some previously inspected facilities for which permits are not required. Site-specific sources and emissions are inputted into AIMS to maintain the emission inventory. However, eFACTS and AIMS do not provide an exhaustive list of all printing facilities in this Commonwealth, but only those that the Department has had contact with and a reason to input their data; these are usually the largest emitters. The Department recognizes the large discrepancy between total number of printing facilities in this Commonwealth compiled by the GAA and the number of printing facilities currently in the Department's eFACTS and AIMS databases. Therefore, the Department is continuing to work with the GAA, the NFIB and the SBCAC to reach out to printing facilities that might be affected by this final-form rulemaking.
The cost of complying with the requirements in the final-form rulemaking includes the cost of using low VOC-content or VOC-free inks, fountain solutions, coatings, adhesives and cleaning materials; add-on control systems; or a combination of these two approaches.
Based on information provided by the EPA in the flexible packaging printing CTG, the cost effectiveness of reducing VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing press operations is dependent on the flow rate, hourly solvent usage and operating hours. Using $5,700 per ton of VOC reduced from a catalytic oxidizer (in 2005 dollars), because the emission reductions of that scenario fit the scale of current emission estimates, the estimated maximum anticipated annual costs to the flexible packaging printing industry could range from $530,100 to $649,800 (93 tons VOC emissions reduced x $5,700/ton reduced; 114 tons VOC emissions reduced x $5,700/ton reduced).
Based on information provided by the EPA in the offset lithographic printing and letterpress printing CTG, the cost effectiveness of reducing VOC emissions from heatset offset lithographic and heatset letterpress printing operations is estimated to range from $855 to $2,010 per ton of VOC reduced for control of VOC emissions from cleaning materials and heatset inks, respectively. Using the $2,010 per ton of VOC removed for heatset inks, the estimated maximum anticipated annual costs to the offset lithographic printing and letterpress printing industry could range from $1,111,530 to $1,171,830 (553 tons VOC emissions reduced x $2,010/ton reduced; 583 tons VOC emissions reduced x $2,010/ton reduced). The estimated total maximum anticipated annual costs to the regulated printing industry as a whole could range from $1,641,630 to $1,821,630.
The owner and operator of a facility that already complies with the requirements of the 1996 NESHAP for the printing and publishing industry or other BAT permitting requirements through the use of add-on controls, including thermal oxidizers, may already satisfy the requirements of this final-form rulemaking and, if so, might have no additional annual costs.
The implementation of the work practices for the use and application of cleaning solutions is expected to result in a net cost savings. The recommended work practices should reduce the amounts of cleaning solutions used by reducing the amounts that are lost to evaporation, spillage and waste.
The recordkeeping and reporting requirements for owners and operators equal to, above and below the thresholds for control measures should be minimal because the records required under the final-form rulemaking are in line with what the industry currently tracks for inventory purposes or in current permits. The owner or operator of a printing press subject to the final-form rulemaking shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable requirements. Records maintained for compliance demonstrations may include purchase, use, production and other records. Additionally, the Board added flexibility by deleting the ''per day'' applicability level and by allowing actual emissions to be estimated by using the highest VOC content in any material in a class to represent that class of materials.
Compliance Assistance Plan
The Department plans to educate and assist the public and regulated community in understanding the newly revised requirements and how to comply with them. This will be accomplished through the Department's ongoing compliance assistance program. The Department anticipates assisting the GAA and the NFIB with outreach information these organizations intend to send to their membership in relation to this final-form rulemaking.
Paperwork Requirements
The Board made several changes to streamline the recordkeeping requirements. For instance, the Board added language to the recordkeeping subsections that states: Records maintained for compliance demonstrations may include purchase, use, production and other records. In addition, the Board added flexibility by allowing VOC content records to be based upon the highest VOC content in any material in a class rather than on each individual material in the class. The owner and operator of an affected flexible packaging printing press or offset lithographic printing press or letterpress printing press will be required to keep records of information for inks, coatings, adhesives, fountain solutions and cleaning solvents, as applicable, sufficient to demonstrate compliance. The final-form rulemaking does not require daily records, as the proposed rulemaking would have. The final-form rulemaking requires owners and operators claiming an exemption from a VOC control provision based on potential or actual VOC emissions before consideration of controls to keep records sufficient to demonstrate that the press or facility is exempt. The records required in the final-form rulemaking shall be maintained for 2 years unless a longer period is specified by a plan approval or operating permit issued under Chapter 127 and submitted to the Department in an acceptable format upon receipt of a written request. Persons seeking to comply through the use of add-on controls are required to keep certain operational records and to meet the applicable reporting requirements in Chapter 139.
H. Pollution Prevention
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C.A. §§ 13101—13109) established a National policy that promotes pollution prevention as the preferred means for achieving state environmental protection goals. The Department encourages pollution prevention, which is the reduction or elimination of pollution at its source, through the substitution of environmentally friendly materials, more efficient use of raw materials and the incorporation of energy efficiency strategies. Pollution prevention practices can provide greater environmental protection with greater efficiency because they can result in significant cost savings to facilities that permanently achieve or move beyond compliance.
This final-form rulemaking will help ensure that the citizens and the environment of this Commonwealth experience the benefits of reduced emissions of VOCs and HAPs from flexible packaging printing presses, offset lithographic printing presses and letterpress printing presses. Although the final-form rulemaking is designed primarily to address ozone air quality, the reformulation or substitution of inks, coatings, adhesives, fountain solutions and cleaning materials to meet the VOC content limits applicable to users may also result in reduction of HAP emissions, which are also a serious health threat. The final-form rulemaking provides as one compliance option that inks, coatings, adhesives, fountain solutions and cleaning materials applied on or with flexible packaging printing presses, offset lithographic printing presses or letterpress printing presses in this Commonwealth meet specified limits for VOC content, usually through substitution of low VOC-content solvents or water for the high VOC-content solvents. The reduced levels of high VOC-content and HAP-content solvents will also benefit water quality through reduced loading on water treatment plants and in reduced quantities of high VOC-content and HAP-content solvents leaching into the ground.
I. Sunset Review
This final-form rulemaking will be reviewed in accordance with the sunset review schedule published by the Department to determine whether the regulations effectively fulfill the goals for which they were intended.
J. Regulatory Review
Under section 5(a) of the Regulatory Review Act (71 P. S. § 745.5(a)), on January 31, 2012, the Department submitted a copy of the notice of proposed rulemaking, published at 42 Pa.B. 779, to IRRC and the Chairpersons of the House and Senate Environmental Resources and Energy Committees for review and comment.
Under section 5(c) of the Regulatory Review Act, IRRC and the House and Senate Committees were provided with copies of the comments received during the public comment period, as well as other documents when requested. In preparing the final-form rulemaking, the Department has considered all comments from IRRC, the House and Senate Committees and the public.
Under section 5.1(j.2) of the Regulatory Review Act (71 P. S. § 745.5a(j.2)), on April 30, 2014, the final-form rulemaking was deemed approved by the House and Senate Committees. Under section 5.1(e) of the Regulatory Review Act, IRRC met on May 1, 2014, and approved the final-form rulemaking.
K. Findings
The Board finds that:
(1) Public notice of proposed rulemaking was given under sections 201 and 202 of the act of July 31, 1968 (P. L. 769, No. 240) (45 P. S. §§ 1201 and 1202) and regulations promulgated thereunder, 1 Pa. Code §§ 7.1 and 7.2.
(2) At least a 60-day public comment period was provided as required by law and all comments were considered.
(3) This final-form rulemaking does not enlarge the purpose of the proposed rulemaking published at 42 Pa.B. 779.
(4) These regulations are necessary and appropriate for administration and enforcement of the authorizing acts identified in Section C of this preamble.
(5) These regulations are reasonably necessary to attain and maintain the ozone NAAQS and to satisfy related CAA requirements.
L. Order
The Board, acting under the authorizing statutes, orders that:
(a) The regulations of the Department, 25 Pa. Code Chapters 121, 129 and 130, are amended by adding §§ 129.67a and 129.67b and by amending §§ 121.1, 129.51, 129.67, 129.77 and 130.703 to read as set forth in Annex A, with ellipses referring to the existing text of the regulations.
(b) The Chairperson of the Board shall submit this order and Annex A to the Office of General Counsel and the Office of Attorney General for review and approval as to legality and form, as required by law.
(c) The Chairperson of the Board shall submit this order and Annex A to IRRC and the Committees as required under the Regulatory Review Act.
(d) The Chairperson of the Board shall certify this order and Annex A and deposit them with the Legislative Reference Bureau as required by law.
(e) This final-form rulemaking will be submitted to the EPA as an amendment to the Pennsylvania SIP.
(f) This order shall take effect immediately upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.
E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO,
Chairperson(Editor's Note: For the text of the order of the Independent Regulatory Review Commission relating to this document, see 44 Pa.B. 2965 (May 17, 2014).)
Fiscal Note: Fiscal Note 7-469 remains valid for the final adoption of the subject regulations.
Annex A
TITLE 25. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
PART I. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Subpart C. PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ARTICLE III. AIR RESOURCES
CHAPTER 121. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 121.1. Definitions.
The definitions in section 3 of the act (35 P. S. § 4003) apply to this article. In addition, the following words and terms, when used in this article, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
* * * * * Airtight cleaning system—A solvent cleaning machine that is automatically operated and seals at a differential pressure no greater than 0.50 psig, prior to the introduction of solvent or solvent vapor into the cleaning chamber and during all cleaning and drying cycles.
Alcohol—A chemical compound consisting of the hydroxyl (OH) group attached to an alkyl radical and having the general formula CnH2n+1OH, such as ethanol, n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol.
Alcohol substitute—Nonalcohol additives that contain VOCs and are used in the fountain solution including ethylene glycol and glycol ethers. Some additives are used to reduce the surface tension of water and others are added to prevent piling (ink build up).
Allegheny County air basin—Allegheny County.
* * * * * As applied—
(i) The VOC and solids content of a coating, adhesive, sealant, adhesive primer, sealant primer, surface preparation solvent or cleanup solvent that is actually used to coat the substrate.
(ii) The term includes the contribution of materials used for in-house dilution of the coating.
(iii) For purposes of §§ 129.67a and 129.67b (relating to control of VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing presses; and control of VOC emissions from offset lithographic printing presses and letterpress printing presses), the VOC concentration of an ink, coating, adhesive, fountain solution or cleaning solution at the time it is actually used on a printing press.
As supplied—
(i) The VOC and solids content of a coating, adhesive, sealant, adhesive primer, sealant primer, surface preparation solvent or cleanup solvent as sold and delivered to the end user.
(ii) For purposes of §§ 129.67a and 129.67b, the VOC concentration of an ink, coating, adhesive, fountain solution or cleaning solution that is purchased for use on a printing press.
* * * * * Baseline actual emissions—The rate of emissions, in tpy, of a regulated NSR pollutant, as determined in accordance with § 127.203a(a)(4) (relating to applicability determination).
Batch—
(i) For purposes of § 129.67b, a supply of fountain solution or cleaning solution that is prepared and used without alteration until completely used or removed from the printing process.
(ii) The term includes:
(A) A supply of fountain solution or cleaning solution prepared in a discrete amount.
(B) A supply of fountain solution that is continuously blended with an auto mix unit.
(C) A supply of cleaning solution that is blended and delivered to a press by use of an automatic blanket or roller wash system.
Batch vapor cleaning machine—
(i) A vapor cleaning machine in which individual parts or a set of parts move through the entire cleaning cycle before new parts are introduced into the cleaning machine.
(ii) The term includes solvent cleaning machines, such as ferris wheel cleaners or cross rod machines, that clean multiple loads simultaneously and are manually loaded.
(iii) The term does not include machines which do not have a solvent/air interface, such as airless and airtight cleaning systems.
* * * * * CPDS—Certified Product Data Sheet—
(i) For purposes of wood furniture manufacturing operations under §§ 129.101—129.107 (relating to wood furniture manufacturing operations), documentation furnished by a coating supplier or an outside laboratory for a coating, strippable spray booth coating or solvent that provides the VOC content as pounds of VOC per pound of coating solids calculated from data measured using the EPA Reference Method 24 or an equivalent or alternative method. Batch formulation data may be used if it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Administrator of the EPA that the coating does not release additional VOC as reaction byproducts during the cure. The VOC content stated should represent the maximum VOC emission potential of the coating, strippable spray booth coating or solvent.
(ii) For purposes of printing operations under § 129.67b, documentation furnished by an ink supplier or an outside laboratory for an ink, fountain solution, cleaning solution or solvent that provides the VOC content calculated from data measured using the EPA Reference Method 24 or an equivalent or alternative method approved by the Department. The VOC content stated should represent the maximum VOC emission potential of the ink, fountain solution, cleaning solution or solvent.
* * * * * Cleaning operation—Spray-gun, hand-wipe and flush cleaning operations.
Cleaning solution—A liquid solvent or solution used to remove ink, including dried ink, and debris from the operating surfaces of a printing press and its parts. The term includes a blanket wash, impression cylinder wash, roller wash, metering roller cleaner, plate cleaner, rubber rejuvenator and other cleaners used for cleaning a press or press parts or to remove dried ink or coating from areas around the press.
Cleaning solvent—A liquid material used for hand-wipe spray gun or flush cleaning. The term includes solutions that contain VOCs.
* * * * * Fleet average—For the purposes of motor vehicles subject to Pennsylvania's Clean Vehicles Program requirements, a motor vehicle manufacturer's average vehicle emissions of all NMOG emissions from vehicles which are produced and delivered for sale in this Commonwealth in any model year.
Flexible packaging—
(i) A package or part of a package, such as a bag, pouch, liner or wrap, the shape of which can be readily changed. Flexible packaging may be made of paper, plastic, film, aluminum foil, metalized or coated paper, metalized or coated film, or other material.
(ii) The term includes a shrink-wrap label or wrapper printed on or in-line with a flexible packaging printing press.
(iii) The term does not include folding cartons or other rigid packaging or self-adhesive labels.
Flexible packaging printing press—A printing press used for the production of printed flexible packaging materials using flexographic printing or rotogravure printing, or both.
Flexible primer—A primer applied to aerospace vehicles or components that meets flexibility requirements such as those needed for adhesive bond primed fastener heads or on surfaces expected to contain fuel. The flexible coating is required because it provides a compatible, flexible substrate over bonded sheet rubber and rubber-type coatings as well as a flexible bridge between the fasteners, skin and skin-to-skin joints on outer aircraft skins. This flexible bridge allows more topcoat flexibility around fasteners and decreases the chance of the topcoat cracking around the fasteners. The result is better corrosion resistance.
* * * * * Fossil fuel fired—The combustion of fossil fuel or, if in combination with any other fuel, fossil fuel comprises 51% or greater of the annual heat input on a Btu basis.
Fountain solution—A mixture of water, volatile and nonvolatile chemicals and one or more additives that reduce the surface tension of the water so that the mixture spreads easily across the printing surface of a lithographic plate. The mixture wets the nonimage area so that the printing ink is maintained within the image area.
(i) Alcohols, specifically isopropyl alcohol, and alcohol substitutes, including ethylene glycol and glycol ethers, are the most common VOC additives used.
(ii) Nonvolatile additives include mineral salts and hydrophilic gums.
Freeboard ratio—
(i) For a cold cleaning machine or batch vapor cleaning machine, the distance from the liquid solvent in the idling mode to the top edge of the cleaning machine divided by the smaller dimension of the cleaning machine.
(ii) For an operating in-line vapor cleaning machine, the distance from the solvent/air interface to the bottom of the entrance or exit opening, whichever is lower, as measured during the idling mode.
* * * * * Heat input—Heat derived from the combustion of fuel in a NOx affected source. The term does not include the heat derived from preheated combustion air, recirculated flue gas or exhaust from another source or combination of sources.
Heatset—An operation in which heat is required to evaporate ink oils from the printing inks that are applied to the substrate.
Heatset ink—Printing ink that is set and dried with the use of heat.
Heavy-duty diesel engine—A diesel engine that is used to propel a motor vehicle with a GVWR of greater than 14,000 pounds.
* * * * * Lease custody transfer—The transfer of produced crude oil or condensate, after processing or treating in the producing operations, from storage tanks or automatic transfer facilities to pipelines or other forms of transportation.
Letterpress printing—A printing process in which the image area of the plate is raised relative to the nonimage area and the paste ink is transferred to the substrate directly from the image surface. The substrate can be fed to the press as either an individual sheet or a rolled web.
Limited access space—Internal surfaces or passages of an aerospace vehicle or component to which coatings cannot be applied without the aid of an airbrush or a spray gun extension for the application of coatings.
Liquid service—Equipment which processes, transfers or contains a VOC or mixture of VOCs in the liquid phase.
Lithographic plate—The plate used in lithographic or offset lithographic printing which has chemically differentiated image and nonimage areas so that the printing ink adheres to the image areas.
Lithographic printing—A printing process in which the image and nonimage areas are in the same plane on the surface of a lithographic plate. The image and nonimage areas are chemically differentiated; the image area is oil receptive and the nonimage area is water receptive. The substrate can be fed to the press as either an individual sheet or a rolled web.
Low RVP gasoline—Gasoline that has an RVP of 7.8 pounds per square inch or less as determined in accordance with the appropriate sampling and testing methodologies in 40 CFR Part 80, Appendix E (relating to test for determining Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends).
* * * * * Noncommercial fuel—A gaseous or liquid fuel generated as a byproduct or waste product which is not specifically produced and manufactured for sale. A mixture of noncommercial and a commercial fuel oil where at least 50% of the heat content is derived from the noncommercial fuel portion is considered a noncommercial fuel.
Non-heatset—A lithographic or letterpress printing process in which the printing inks, including varnishes, are set and dried by absorption or oxidation of the ink oils rather than by evaporation with heat. These non-polymerization processes are also known as ''coldset'' processes. Polymerization processes including the use of an infrared dryer, ultraviolet curing or electron beam curing are also considered non-heatset operations.
Nonmembrane roof installation/repair adhesive—
(i) An adhesive intended by the manufacturer for use in the installation or repair of nonmembrane roofs and that is not intended for the installation of prefabricated single-ply flexible roofing membrane.
(ii) The term includes:
(A) Plastic or asphalt roof cement.
(B) Asphalt roof coating.
(C) Cold application cement.
* * * * * OTC MOU—Ozone Transport Commission Memorandum of Understanding—The memorandum of understanding signed by representatives of ten states and the District of Columbia as members of the Ozone Transport Commission on September 27, 1994.
Offset lithographic printing—A printing process in which the image and nonimage areas are in the same plane on the surface of a lithographic plate and the image and nonimage areas are chemically differentiated. The ink film is transferred from the lithographic plate to an intermediary surface, typically a rubber-covered cylinder called a blanket, which in turn transfers the ink film to the substrate. The substrate can be fed to the press as either an individual sheet or a rolled web.
Offset vehicle—A light-duty vehicle which has been certified by California as set forth in 13 CCR, Division 3, Chapter 1.
* * * * * Paper, film or foil coating or paper, film or foil surface coating—Coatings applied in a continuous, uniform layer to paper, film or foil surfaces, and pressure-sensitive tapes, regardless of substrate. The coatings are applied to provide a covering, finish or functional or protective layer to the substrate, saturate a substrate for lamination or provide adhesion between two substrates for lamination.
(i) The term includes coatings used in web coating processes on the following substrates:
(A) Pressure sensitive tapes and labels, including fabric coated for use in pressure sensitive tapes and labels.
(B) Plastic and photographic films.
(C) Industrial and decorative laminates.
(D) Abrasive products, including fabric coated for use in abrasive products.
(E) Flexible packaging, including coating of nonwoven polymer substrates for use in flexible packaging, if the coating is not applied on or in-line with a flexible packaging printing press.
(F) Those used in miscellaneous coating operations, including the following:
* * * * * Printed interior panel—A panel on which the grain or natural surface is obscured by filler and basecoat upon which a simulated grain or decorative pattern is printed.
Printing press—The equipment used to apply words, pictures or designs to a sheet or continuous substrate of paper, plastic or other material. The equipment must include at least one printing work station. The following equipment, if present, is also considered part of the term:
(i) One or multiple unwind or feed sections.
(ii) A series of individual work stations, which may include inboard and outboard work stations. A work station that employs another technology, including surface coating, is considered part of the printing press if the station is capable of printing or coating on the same substrate and if the work station is physically connected as part of the printing press.
(iii) A dryer associated with a work station.
(iv) A rewind, stack or collection section.
Process—A method, reaction or operation in which materials are handled or whereby materials undergo physical change—that is, the size, shape, appearance, temperature, state or other physical property of the material is altered—or chemical change—that is, a substance with different chemical composition or properties is formed or created. The term includes all of the equipment, operations and facilities necessary for the completion of the transformation of the materials to produce a physical or chemical change. There may be several processes in series or parallel necessary to the manufacture of a product.
* * * * * Rotogravure printing—The application of words, designs and pictures to a substrate by means of a roll printing technique which involves an intaglio or recessed image area in the form of cells.
* * * * * Sheet rubber installation—
(i) The process of applying sheet rubber liners by hand to metal or plastic substrates to protect the underlying substrate from corrosion or abrasion.
(ii) The term includes laminating sheet rubber to fabric by hand.
Sheet-fed printing—A printing process in which individual sheets of substrate are fed sequentially to the printing press.
Shutdown—For purposes of §§ 129.301—129.310, the period of time during which a glass melting furnace is taken from an operational to a non-operational status by allowing it to cool down from its operating temperature to a cold or ambient temperature as the fuel supply is turned off.
* * * * * Vapor up control switch—A thermostatically controlled switch which shuts off or prevents condensate from being sprayed when there is no vapor. On in-line vapor cleaning machines, the switch also prevents the conveyor from operating when there is no vapor.
Varnish—For purposes of § 129.67b, an unpigmented offset lithographic ink which is used or applied on an offset lithographic printing press in the same manner as a pigmented offset lithographic ink. The term includes a heatset varnish, sheet-fed varnish and non-heatset varnish.
Vehicle—A highway vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine with fewer than nine seating positions for adults.
* * * * * Waxy, heavy-pour crude oil—A crude oil with a pour point of 50°F or higher as determined by the American Society of Testing and Materials Standard D 97-66, ''Test for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils.''
Web printing—A printing process in which continuous rolls of substrate material are fed to the printing press and rewound or cut to size after printing.
Wet fastener installation coating—A primer or sealant applied to aerospace vehicles or components by dipping, brushing or daubing on fasteners which are installed before the coating is cured.
* * * * *
CHAPTER 129. STANDARDS FOR SOURCES
SOURCES OF VOCs § 129.51. General.
(a) Equivalency. Compliance with §§ 129.52, 129.52a, 129.52b, 129.52c, 129.54—129.69, 129.71—129.73 and 129.77 may be achieved by alternative methods if the following exist:
(1) The alternative method is approved by the Department in an applicable plan approval or operating permit, or both.
(2) The resulting emissions are equal to or less than the emissions that would have been discharged by complying with the applicable emission limitation.
(3) Compliance by a method other than the use of a low VOC coating, adhesive, sealant, adhesive primer, sealant primer, surface preparation solvent, cleanup solvent, cleaning solution, fountain solution or ink which meets the applicable emission limitation in §§ 129.52, 129.52a, 129.52b, 129.52c, 129.67, 129.67a, 129.67b, 129.73 and 129.77 shall be determined on the basis of equal volumes of solids.
(4) Capture efficiency testing and emissions testing are conducted in accordance with methods approved by the EPA.
(5) Adequate records are maintained to ensure enforceability.
(6) The alternative compliance method is incorporated into a plan approval or operating permit, or both, reviewed by the EPA, including the use of an air cleaning device to comply with § 129.52, § 129.52a, § 129.52b, § 129.52c, § 129.67, § 129.67a, § 129.67b, § 129.68(b)(2) and (c)(2), § 129.73 or § 129.77.
(b) New source performance standards. Sources covered by new source performance standards which are more stringent than those contained in this chapter shall comply with those standards in lieu of the standards in this chapter.
(c) Demonstration of compliance. Unless otherwise set forth in this chapter, test methods and procedures used to monitor compliance with the emission requirements of this section are those specified in Chapter 139 (relating to sampling and testing).
(d) Records. The owner or operator of a facility or source subject to one or more of the VOC emission limitations and control requirements in this chapter shall keep records to demonstrate compliance with the applicable limitation or control requirement.
(1) The records shall provide sufficient data and calculations to clearly demonstrate that the applicable emission limitation or control requirement is met. Data or information required to determine compliance with an applicable limitation shall be recorded and maintained in a time frame consistent with the averaging period of the standard.
(2) The records shall be maintained onsite for 2 years, unless a longer period is required by a plan approval or operating permit issued under Chapter 127 (relating to construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources). The records shall be made available to the Department on request.
(e) Demonstration of exempt status. The owner or operator of a facility or source claiming that the facility or source is exempt from the VOC control provisions of this chapter shall maintain records that clearly demonstrate to the Department that the facility or source is not subject to the VOC emission limitations or control requirements of this chapter.
§ 129.67. Graphic arts systems.
(a) This section applies as follows:
(1) This section applies to the owner and operator of a facility whose rotogravure and flexographic printing presses by themselves or in combination with a surface coating operation subject to § 129.52, § 129.52a, § 129.52b or § 129.52c or in combination with a flexible packaging printing press subject to § 129.67a (relating to control of VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing presses) have the potential to emit or have emitted VOCs into the outdoor atmosphere in quantities greater than 1,000 pounds (460 kilograms) per day or 100 tons (90,900 kilograms) per year during any calendar year since January 1, 1987.
(2) This section applies to the owner and operator of a flexographic or rotogravure printing press that prints flexible packaging materials subject to § 129.67a(a)(1)(ii) if the owner or operator was required to install a control device under this section prior to June 28, 2014.
(3) This section does not apply to the owner or operator of a flexible packaging printing press subject to § 129.67a(a)(1)(i).
(b) A person may not permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of VOCs from a rotogravure or flexographic printing press subject to this section unless one of the following limitations is met:
(1) The volatile fraction of the ink, as applied to the substrate, contains 25% or less by volume of VOC and 75% or more by volume of water.
(2) The ink, as applied to the substrate, less water, contains 60% by volume or more of solid material.
(3) The owner or operator installs and operates a carbon adsorption system, an incineration system or an alternative VOC emission reduction system which recovers or destroys at least 90% of the VOCs entering the system. The overall level of emission recovery or destruction may not be less than that necessary to comply with subsection (c).
(c) A capture system shall be used in conjunction with the emission control systems in subsection (b)(3). The design and operation of the capture and control system shall be consistent with good engineering practice and shall be designed to provide for a contemporaneous, overall reduction in VOC emission from each ink/press of at least the following:
(1) Seventy-five percent where a publication rotogravure process is employed.
(2) Sixty-five percent where another rotogravure process is employed.
(3) Sixty percent where a flexographic printing process is employed.
(d) Presses used only to check the quality of the image formation of newly etched or engraved printing cylinders are exempted from this section if the aggregate emissions from the presses do not exceed 400 pounds in a 30-day running period.
(e) To determine applicability under this section, emissions of VOCs used in clean-up operations shall be summed with emissions from surface coating and printing.
§ 129.67a. Control of VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing presses.
(a) Applicability.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (3) or (4), this section applies to the owner and operator of a flexible packaging printing press if one or more of the following apply:
(i) Potential VOC emissions. An individual flexible pack-aging printing press has potential emissions from the dryer, before consideration of add-on controls, of at least 25 tpy of VOCs from inks, coatings and adhesives combined. This section supersedes § 129.67 (relating to graphic arts systems).
(ii) Actual VOC emissions at or above threshold. The total actual VOC emissions from all inks, coatings and adhesives combined from all flexible packaging printing presses and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are equal to or greater than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month or 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(iii) Actual VOC emissions below threshold. The total actual VOC emissions from all inks, coatings and adhesives combined from all flexible packaging printing presses and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are less than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month or 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(2) The owner or operator of a flexographic or rotogravure printing press subject to paragraph (1)(ii) and § 129.67, who was required to install a control device under § 129.67 prior to June 28, 2014, shall continue the operation of that control device and also meet the requirements of this section.
(3) VOCs from adhesives used at a facility that are not used or applied on or with a flexible packaging printing press are not subject to this section and may be regulated under § 129.52b, § 129.77 or Chapter 130, Subchapter D (relating to control of VOC emissions from paper, film and foil surface coating processes; control of emissions from the use or application of adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents; and adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents).
(4) Surface coating of flexible packaging substrates that is not done with a flexible packaging printing press is regulated under § 129.52b.
(b) Existing RACT permit. This section supersedes the requirements of a RACT permit issued to the owner or operator of a source subject to this section prior to January 1, 2015, under §§ 129.91—129.95 (relating to stationary sources of NOx and VOCs) to control, reduce or minimize VOCs from a flexible packaging printing press, except to the extent the RACT permit contains more stringent requirements.
(c) Emission limits. Beginning January 1, 2015, a person subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) may not cause or permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of VOCs from a flexible packaging printing press unless one or more of the following limitations is met:
(1) Individual ink, coating or adhesive. The VOC content of each as applied ink, coating or adhesive used on a single flexible packaging printing press meets the following requirements:
(i) The VOC content is equal to or less than one or both of the following limits:
(A) 0.16 lb VOC per lb material as applied.
(B) 0.8 lb VOC per lb material solids as applied.
(ii) The VOC content is calculated as follows for VOC content expressed in units of weight of VOC per weight of material solids:
VOCB = (Wo)/(Wn) Where:
VOCB = VOC content in lb VOC/lb of solids as applied or kg VOC/kg of solids as applied
Wo = Weight percent of VOC (Wv-Ww-Wex)
Wv = Weight percent of total volatiles (100%-weight percent solids)
Ww = Weight percent of water
Wex = Weight percent of exempt solvents
Wn = Weight percent of solids of the as applied ink, coating or adhesive
(iii) Sampling of the ink, coating or adhesive and testing for the VOC content of the ink, coating or adhesive is performed in accordance with subsection (f).
(2) Weighted average. The daily weighted-average VOC content of all inks, coatings and adhesives combined used on a single flexible packaging printing press meets one or both of the VOC content limits in paragraph (1)(i). The use of averaging to meet the VOC content limits may not be used across multiple printing presses. Averaging is available on a single flexible packaging printing press if the following requirements are met:
(i) The daily weighted average is calculated using the following equation:
Where:
VOCw=The daily weighted average VOC content, as applied, of all inks, coatings and adhesives combined used on a single flexible packaging printing press, in lb VOC/gal of coating solids
n=The number of different inks, coatings and adhesives used each day on the single flexible packaging printing press
Vi=The volume of solids for each ink, coating and adhesive, as applied, used each day on the single flexible packaging printing press, in gallons
Ci=The VOC content of each ink, coating and adhesive, as applied, used each day on the single flexible packaging printing press, in lb VOC/gal coating solids
Vt=The total volume of solids for all inks, coatings and adhesives combined, as applied, used each day on the single flexible packaging printing press, in gallons
(ii) Sampling of the inks, coatings and adhesives and testing for the VOC content of the inks, coatings and adhesives is performed in accordance with subsection (f).
(3) Add-on air pollution control device. The overall weight of VOCs emitted to the atmosphere from all inks, coatings and adhesives combined used on a single flexible packaging printing press is reduced through the use of vapor recovery or oxidation or another method that is acceptable under § 129.51(a) (relating to general). The overall control efficiency of a control system, as determined by the test methods and procedures specified in subsection (f), may not be less than that listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Overall Control Efficiency Requirement of a Control System on a Single Flexible Packaging Printing
Press with Potential Emissions >= 25 tpy of VOC Before Control
Control System
Overall Control
EfficiencyPrinting Press
First Installation Date1Air Pollution Control Device
First Installation Date1Requirement Prior to On or after Prior to On or after March 14, 1995* March 14, 1995* January 1, 2015** January 1, 2015** >= 65% X X >= 70% X X >= 75% X X >= 80% X X 1 First installation date is the first date of operation for a source or a control device. This date does not change if the source or control device is moved to a new location or if the control device is later used to control a new source.
* March 14, 1995, is the date of the proposed 1996 NESHAP for the printing and publishing industry.
** January 1, 2015, is the compliance date of the flexible packaging printing press regulation.
(4) Restriction on potential VOC emissions. The Department has issued a plan approval, operating permit or Title V permit to the owner or operator prior to January 1, 2015, establishing a Federally-enforceable limitation to limit the potential emissions of VOC from the flexible packaging printing press below 25 tpy before consideration of add-on controls.
(d) Compliance and monitoring requirements for an add-on air pollution control device. The owner or operator of a flexible packaging printing press subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) using an add-on air pollution control device in accordance with subsection (c)(3) shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) The add-on air pollution control device shall be equipped with the applicable monitoring equipment and the monitoring equipment shall be installed, calibrated, operated and maintained according to manufacturer's specifications at all times the add-on air pollution control device is in use. If the add-on air pollution control device is a:
(i) Noncatalytic thermal oxidizer, the minimum combustion or operating temperature must be continuously monitored. The temperature reading shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (e)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the noncatalytic thermal oxidizer is operating.
(ii) Catalytic thermal oxidizer:
(A) The inlet gas temperature must be continuously monitored. The temperature reading shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (e)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the catalytic thermal oxidizer is operating.
(B) A catalyst activity test shall be performed a minimum of one time per rolling 2-year period.
(iii) Control device other than that specified in subparagraph (i) or (ii), parameters specific to the control device must be continuously monitored. The parameters shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (e)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the control device is operating.
(2) The add-on air pollution control device specified in paragraph (1) shall be operated at a 3-hour average temperature not lower than 50°F below the average temperature demonstrated during the most recent compliant source test approved by the Department.
(3) The add-on air pollution control device specified in paragraph (1) shall be in operation at all times that the source is operating.
(4) The add-on air pollution control device shall be approved, in writing, by the Department in a plan approval, operating permit or Title V permit prior to use.
(e) Recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Beginning January 1, 2015, the owner or operator of a flexible packaging printing press subject to this section shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this section. Records maintained for compliance demonstrations may include purchase, use, production and other records.
(1) An owner or operator subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) using an add-on air pollution control device shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with subsection (d), including records of the following information:
(i) Temperature reading of the add-on air pollution control device.
(ii) Maintenance performed on the add-on air pollution control device and monitoring equipment, including the date and type of maintenance.
(iii) Catalyst activity test performed, if applicable.
(2) An owner or operator subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) not using an add-on air pollution control device shall maintain records of the as applied VOC content of inks, coatings and adhesives sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the limitations under subsection (c)(1) or (2).
(3) An owner or operator claiming exemption from a VOC control provision of this section based on potential or actual VOC emissions, as applicable, shall maintain records that demonstrate to the Department that the press or facility is exempt.
(4) The owner or operator may group materials into classes using the highest VOC content in any material in a class to represent that class of material.
(5) The records required under paragraphs (1)—(4) shall be maintained for 2 years, unless a longer period is required by a plan approval or operating permit issued under Chapter 127 (relating to construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources). The records shall be submitted to the Department in an acceptable format upon receipt of a written request.
(6) The owner or operator of a flexible packaging printing press subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) that is required to demonstrate overall control efficiency in accordance with subsections (c)(3) and (d) shall submit reports to the Department in accordance with Chapter 139 (relating to sampling and testing).
(f) Sampling and testing.
(1) Sampling and testing shall be performed as follows:
(i) Sampling of an ink or coating and testing for the VOC content of the ink or coating shall be performed in accordance with the procedures and test methods specified in Chapter 139.
(ii) Sampling and testing of an add-on air pollution control device shall be performed in accordance with the procedures and test methods specified in Chapter 139 and meet one of the following:
(A) Sampling and testing shall be performed no later than 180 days after the compliance date of the press.
(B) Sampling and testing shall have been performed within 5 years prior to January 1, 2015, and previously approved by the Department. Capture efficiency retesting may be waived for capture systems that are not permanent total enclosures if the operating parameters indicate that a fundamental change has not taken place in the operation or design of the equipment, unless retesting is required under Subpart C, Article III (relating to air resources) or a plan approval, operating permit or an order issued by the Department. For purposes of this clause, fundamental changes include adding printing stations to a press, increasing or decreasing the volumetric flow rate from the dryer or changing the static duct pressure.
(2) The overall control efficiency of the add-on air pollution control device shall be determined by the following test methods and procedures subject to prior written approval by the Department.
(i) The capture efficiency shall be determined in accordance with either of the following methods:
(A) 40 CFR Part 51, Appendix M, Methods 204—204F, including updates and revisions.
(B) 40 CFR Part 63, Subpart KK, Appendix A (relating to data quality objective and lower confidence limit approaches for alternative capture efficiency protocols and test methods).
(ii) The control efficiency shall be determined using one or more of the following methods, as applicable. The method used to measure the inlet concentration of VOC may be the same method used to determine the outlet concentration of VOC unless use of the same method is determined to be technically infeasible.
(A) EPA Reference Method 25, Determination of Total Gaseous Nonmethane Organic Emissions as Carbon, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 25 may be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon.
(B) EPA Reference Method 25A, Determination of Total Gaseous Organic Concentration Using a Flame Ionization Analyzer, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 25A may not be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration at the outlet of the add-on air pollution control device is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon.
(C) EPA Reference Method 18, Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatography, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 18 may be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon. EPA Reference Method 18 may be used in conjunction with EPA Reference Method 25A to subtract emissions of exempt VOCs.
(3) Other test methods demonstrated to provide results that are acceptable for purposes of determining compliance with this section may be used if prior approval is obtained in writing from the Department and the EPA.
(g) Work practice requirements for cleaning activities.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (3), beginning January 1, 2015, the owner or operator of a flexible packaging printing press subject to subsection (a)(1)(i), (1)(ii) or (2) shall comply with the following work practices for cleaning activities at the facility:
(i) Store all VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels in closed containers.
(ii) Ensure that mixing vessels and storage containers used for VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels are kept closed at all times, except when depositing or removing these solutions or shop towels.
(iii) Minimize spills of VOC-containing cleaning solutions and waste cleaning solutions and clean up spills immediately.
(iv) Convey VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels from one location to another in closed containers or pipes.
(2) The requirements in paragraph (1) apply to the following activities:
(i) Cleaning of ink, coating or adhesive from a press.
(ii) Cleaning of ink, coating or adhesive from press parts, including press parts that have been removed from the press for cleaning.
(iii) Cleaning of ink, coating or adhesive from areas around a press.
(3) The requirements in paragraph (1) do not apply to the following activities:
(i) Cleaning electronic components of a press.
(ii) Cleaning in pre-press (for example, platemaking) operations.
(iii) Cleaning in post-press (for example, binding) operations.
(iv) Using janitorial supplies (for example, detergents or floor cleaners) for general cleaning around a press.
(v) The use of parts washers or cold cleaners at a flexible packaging printing facility. The use of parts washers and cold cleaners is regulated under § 129.63 (relating to degreasing operations).
§ 129.67b. Control of VOC emissions from offset lithographic printing presses and letterpress printing presses.
(a) Applicability.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (3), this section applies to the owner and operator of an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press, or both, if the press meets one or a combination of the following:
(i) Add-on air pollution control device. A single heatset web offset lithographic printing press or heatset web letterpress printing press that has potential emissions from the dryer, before consideration of add-on controls, of at least 25 tpy of VOCs from all heatset inks (including varnishes), coatings and adhesives combined.
(ii) Letterpress printing. One or more letterpress printing presses if the total actual VOC emissions from all inks (including varnishes), coatings and adhesives combined from all letterpress printing presses and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are equal to or greater than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month or 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(iii) Offset lithographic printing. One or more offset lithographic printing presses if the total actual VOC emissions from all inks (including varnishes), coatings, adhesives and fountain solutions combined from all offset lithographic printing presses and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are equal to or greater than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month or 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(iv) Offset lithographic printing and letterpress printing. One or more offset lithographic printing presses and one or more letterpress printing presses if the total actual VOC emissions from all inks (including varnishes), coatings, adhesives and fountain solutions combined and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are equal to or greater than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month or 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(v) Emissions below 450 pounds per month and 2.7 tons per 12-month rolling period. The total actual VOC emissions from all inks (including varnishes), coatings, adhesives and fountain solutions combined from all offset lithographic printing presses, all letterpress printing presses and all VOC emissions from related cleaning activities at the facility are less than 450 pounds (204.1 kilograms) per month and 2.7 tons (2,455 kilograms) per 12-month rolling period, before consideration of add-on controls.
(2) The owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press subject to paragraph (1) may use the VOC emission retention factors and capture efficiency factors specified in subsection (l) to determine the amount of potential or actual VOC emissions that is available for capture and control from the inks (including varnishes), fountain solutions and cleaning solutions used on the offset lithographic printing press.
(3) VOCs from adhesives used at a facility that are not used or applied on or with an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press are not subject to this section and may be regulated under § 129.77 or Chapter 130, Subchapter D (relating to control of emissions from the use or application of adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents; and adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents).
(b) Existing RACT permit. This section supersedes the requirements of a RACT permit issued to the owner or operator of a source subject to subsection (a) prior to January 1, 2015, under §§ 129.91—129.95 (relating to stationary sources of NOx and VOCs) to control, reduce or minimize VOCs from an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press, or both, except to the extent the RACT permit contains more stringent requirements.
(c) Emission limits for cleaning solutions and fountain solutions used in or on printing presses subject to this section.
(1) Cleaning solutions. Beginning January 1, 2015, a person subject to subsection (a)(1)(i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) may not cause or permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of VOCs from cleaning solutions used in or on an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press unless the following conditions are met:
(i) The cleaning solutions used must meet one or both of the following VOC limits:
(A) A VOC composite partial vapor pressure less than 10 millimeters of mercury at 68°F (20°C).
(B) A VOC content less than 70% by weight.
(ii) The use of one or more cleaning solutions with a higher VOC composite partial vapor pressure or higher VOC content, or both, than is listed in subparagraph (i) is limited to 110 gallons per year, combined, of all cleaning solutions that exceed the limits in subparagraph (i).
(2) Fountain solutions. Except as specified in paragraph (3), beginning January 1, 2015, a person subject to subsection (a)(1)(i), (iii) or (iv) may not cause or permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of VOCs from a fountain solution used in an offset lithographic printing press unless the fountain solution meets one or more of the following VOC limits.
(i) For each heatset web offset lithographic printing press, the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution must meet one of the following limits:
(A) A VOC content of 1.6% or less by weight.
(B) A VOC content of 3% or less by weight if the fountain solution is refrigerated below 60°F (15.5°C).
(C) A VOC content of 5% or less by weight and no alcohol in the fountain solution.
(D) Another method that achieves a level of control of VOC emissions from the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution equal to or better than the methods listed in clauses (A)—(C).
(ii) For each sheet-fed offset lithographic printing press, the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution must meet one of the following limits:
(A) A VOC content of 5% or less by weight.
(B) A VOC content of 8.5% or less by weight if the fountain solution is refrigerated below 60°F (15.5°C).
(C) A VOC content of 5% or less by weight and no alcohol in the fountain solution.
(D) Another method that achieves a level of control of VOC emissions from the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution equal to or better than the methods listed in clauses (A)—(C).
(iii) For each non-heatset web offset lithographic printing press, the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution shall contain a VOC content of 5% or less by weight and no alcohol in the fountain solution.
(3) Fountain solution exceptions. The control requirements under paragraph (2) for a fountain solution do not apply to the owner or operator of either of the following:
(i) A sheet-fed offset lithographic printing press with maximum sheet size 11 x 17 inches or smaller.
(ii) An offset lithographic printing press with total fountain solution reservoir of less than 1 gallon.
(d) Emission limits for heatset web offset lithographic printing presses and heatset web letterpress printing presses.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (2) or (3), beginning January 1, 2015, a person subject to subsection (a)(1)(i) may not cause or permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of VOCs from a heatset web offset lithographic printing press or a heatset web letterpress printing press, or both, unless the overall weight of VOCs emitted to the atmosphere from the heatset dryer is reduced through the use of vapor recovery or oxidation or another method that is authorized under § 129.51(a) (relating to general). The heatset dryer pressure must be maintained lower than the press room area pressure so that air flows into the heatset dryer at all times when the press is operating.
(i) The VOC control efficiency of an add-on air pollution control device for a heatset dryer, determined in accordance with subsection (h), must meet either of the following:
(A) At least 90% for an add-on air pollution control device whose first installation date was prior to January 1, 2015.
(B) At least 95% for an add-on air pollution control device whose first installation date is on or after January 1, 2015.
(ii) The first installation date is the first date of operation for a source or a control device. This date will not change if the source or control device is moved to a new location or if the control device is later used to control a new source.
(iii) The owner or operator of the printing press may request the Department's approval for an alternative limitation if the following requirements are met:
(A) The request is submitted to the Department in writing.
(B) The request demonstrates one of the following:
(I) The inlet VOC concentration to the control device is so low that compliance with the 90% or 95% overall efficiency in subparagraph (i) is not achievable.
(II) The press is using a combination dryer and oxidizer or other control equipment configuration that does not have an inlet that meets the requirement for testing specified in subsection (h).
(C) The request demonstrates the minimum outlet VOC concentration that the unit can achieve, not to exceed 20 ppm as hexane (40 ppm as propane) on a dry basis.
(iv) The alternative limitation requested under subparagraph (iii) must be approved by the Department in a plan approval, operating permit or Title V permit.
(2) This subsection does not apply for one or a combination of the following circumstances:
(i) The press is used for book printing.
(ii) The press has a maximum web width of 22 inches or less.
(iii) The press is operated with one or a combination of the following inks, coatings or varnishes:
(A) Waterborne coatings.
(B) Ultra-violet light or electron beam radiation cured materials.
(C) Sheet-fed or non-heatset web inks.
(D) Sheet-fed or non-heatset web varnishes.
(3) This subsection does not apply to the owner or operator of the press if the Department has issued a plan approval, operating permit or Title V permit to the owner or operator prior to January 1, 2015, establishing a Federally-enforceable limitation to limit the potential emissions of VOC from the offset lithographic printing press or the letterpress printing press below 25 tpy, before consideration of add-on controls.
(e) Compliance and monitoring requirements.
(1) Add-on air pollution control device. The owner or operator of a heatset web offset lithographic printing press or heatset web letterpress printing press subject to this section using an add-on air pollution control device in accordance with subsection (d) shall comply with the following requirements:
(i) The add-on air pollution control device shall be equipped with the applicable monitoring equipment and the monitoring equipment shall be installed, calibrated, operated and maintained according to manufacturer's specifications at all times the add-on air pollution control device is in use. If the add-on air pollution control device is a:
(A) Noncatalytic thermal oxidizer, the minimum combustion or operating temperature must be continuously monitored. The temperature reading shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (f)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the noncatalytic thermal oxidizer is operating.
(B) Catalytic thermal oxidizer:
(I) The inlet gas temperature must be continuously monitored. The temperature reading shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (f)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the thermal catalytic oxidizer is operating.
(II) A catalyst activity test shall be performed a minimum of one time per rolling 2-year period.
(C) Control device other than that specified in clause (A) or (B), parameters specific to the control device must be continuously monitored. The parameters shall be recorded in accordance with subsection (f)(1) at least once every 15 minutes while the control device is operating.
(ii) The add-on air pollution control device specified in subparagraph (i) must be operated at a 3-hour average temperature not lower than 50°F below the average temperature demonstrated during the most recent compliant source test approved by the Department.
(iii) The add-on air pollution control device specified in subparagraph (i) must be in operation at all times that the source is operating.
(iv) The negative dryer pressure shall be established during the initial test using an air flow direction indicator, such as a smoke stick or aluminum ribbons, or a differential pressure gauge. Capture efficiency testing and continuous dryer air flow monitoring are not required.
(v) The add-on air pollution control device shall be approved, in writing, by the Department in a plan approval, operating permit or Title V permit prior to use.
(2) Fountain solution. The owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press subject to this section that is required to meet one of the fountain solution VOC limits of subsection (c)(2) shall demonstrate compliance by using one or more of the following methods:
(i) Analysis of a sample of the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution for VOC content using EPA Reference Method 24, Determination of Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions.
(ii) Maintenance onsite of MSDS, CPDS or other data provided by the manufacturer of the fountain solution that indicates the VOC content of the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution.
(iii) Calculation of the VOC content of the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution that combines the EPA Reference Method 24 analytical VOC content data for each of the concentrated components or additives used to prepare the press-ready fountain solution.
(A) The VOC content data for each of the concentrated components or additives shall be combined in the proportions in which the concentrated components or additives are mixed to make the batch of press-ready (as applied) fountain solution.
(B) The VOC content shall be calculated one time for each recipe of press-ready (as applied) fountain solution. The recipe name, VOC content for each concentrated component or additive and fountain solution mix ratio shall be recorded in a logbook.
(C) The EPA Reference Method 24 analysis of the concentrated components or additives used to prepare the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution may be performed by the supplier of the components or additives and these results provided to the owner or operator of the affected press.
(iv) Measurement of the recirculating reservoir temperature of a refrigerated press-ready (as applied) fountain solution specified in subsection (c)(2)(i)(B) or (ii)(B) with a thermometer or other temperature detection device capable of reading to 0.5°F (0.28°C) to ensure that the temperature of the refrigerated fountain solution containing alcohol is maintained below 60°F (15.5°C) at all times. The temperature on the thermometer or other temperature detection device shall be continuously monitored. The temperature reading shall be recorded at least once per operating day to verify that the refrigeration system is operating properly.
(v) Monitoring of the press-ready (as applied) fountain solution for alcohol concentration or VOC content with one or more of the following instruments:
(A) A refractometer or a hydrometer to monitor the fountain solution alcohol concentration. The instrument must:
(I) Be corrected for temperature one time per 8-hour shift.
(II) Have a visual, analog or digital readout with an accuracy of 0.5%.
(III) Be calibrated with a standard solution for the type of alcohol used in the fountain solution.
(B) A conductivity meter to determine the fountain solution VOC content. Reading for the fountain solution must be referenced to the conductivity of the incoming water.
(vi) Another method to determine compliance with the VOC content limits for fountain solutions in subsection (c)(2) if the following requirements are met:
(A) The facility owner or operator submits a request, in writing, to the appropriate regional office of the Department for approval of the alternative method.
(B) The request demonstrates that the alternative method provides results that accurately determine the fountain solution VOC content.
(C) The Department provides prior written approval of the alternative method.
(3) Cleaning solution. The owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press subject to this section shall demonstrate compliance with the VOC content limit or VOC composite partial vapor pressure limit for cleaning solutions in subsection (c)(1) by one or more of the following methods:
(i) Analysis of a sample of press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution for VOC content using EPA Reference Method 24.
(ii) Use of the equation in subsection (j) to calculate the composite partial vapor pressure of the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution.
(iii) Use of the methods in subsection (k) to determine the VOC composite partial vapor pressure of a single concentrated component or additive used to prepare the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution.
(iv) Maintenance onsite of MSDS, CPDS or other data provided by the manufacturer of the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution that indicates the VOC content or the VOC composite partial vapor pressure, or both, of the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution.
(v) Calculation of the VOC content or the VOC composite partial vapor pressure, or both, of the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution that combines the EPA Reference Method 24 analytical VOC content data or analytical VOC composite partial vapor pressure data for each of the concentrated components or additives used to prepare the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution.
(A) The VOC content data or VOC composite partial vapor pressure data for each of the concentrated components or additives shall be combined in the proportions in which the concentrated components or additives are mixed to make the batch of press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution.
(B) The VOC content or VOC composite partial vapor pressure shall be calculated one time for each recipe of press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution. The recipe name, VOC content or VOC composite partial vapor pressure for each concentrated component or additive and cleaning solution mix ratio shall be recorded in a log book.
(C) The EPA Reference Method 24 analysis of the concentrated components or additives used to prepare the press-ready (as applied) cleaning solution may be performed or the VOC composite partial vapor pressure data may be determined by the supplier of the components or additives and these results provided to the owner or operator of the affected press.
(vi) Another method to determine compliance with the VOC content limits for cleaning solutions in subsection (c)(1) if the following requirements are met:
(A) The facility owner or operator submits a request, in writing, to the appropriate regional office of the Department for approval of the alternative method.
(B) The request demonstrates that the alternative method provides results that accurately determine the cleaning solution VOC content or VOC composite partial vapor pressure.
(C) The Department provides prior written approval of the alternative method.
(f) Recordkeeping requirements. Beginning January 1, 2015, the owner or operator of a printing press subject to this section shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with this section. Records maintained for compliance demonstrations may include purchase, use, production and other records.
(1) An owner or operator using an add-on air pollution control device shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with subsection (e), including the following:
(i) Temperature reading of the add-on air pollution control device.
(ii) Maintenance performed on the add-on air pollution control device and monitoring equipment, including the date and type of maintenance.
(iii) Catalyst activity test performed, if applicable.
(2) An owner or operator subject to subsection (a)(1)(i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) shall maintain records of cleaning solutions and fountain solutions used at the facility, including:
(i) The following parameters for each press ready blanket, roller or other cleaning solution:
(A) The name and identification number for the blanket, roller or other cleaning solution.
(B) The VOC content (weight %) or VOC composite partial vapor pressure of each cleaning solution as applied.
(C) The volume used of each cleaning solution as applied, if the owner or operator is using cleaning solutions which exceed the limits in subsection (c)(1)(i).
(D) Records of cleaning solution monitoring as required under subsection (e)(3).
(ii) The following parameters for each press-ready (as applied) fountain solution:
(A) The VOC content (weight %).
(B) Records of fountain solution monitoring as required under subsection (e)(2).
(3) An owner or operator claiming exemption from a VOC control provision of this section based on potential or actual VOC emissions, as applicable, shall maintain records that demonstrate to the Department that the press or facility is exempt.
(4) The owner or operator may group materials into classes using the highest VOC content in any material in a class to represent that class of material.
(g) Reporting requirements. Beginning January 1, 2015, the owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press subject to this section shall meet the following reporting requirements:
(1) The records required under subsection (f) shall be maintained onsite for 2 years unless a longer period is required by a plan approval or operating permit issued under Chapter 127 (relating to construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources). The records shall be submitted to the Department in an acceptable format upon receipt of a written request.
(2) The owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press or letterpress printing press required to demonstrate VOC control efficiency in accordance with subsection (d) shall submit reports to the Department in accordance with Chapter 139 (relating to sampling and testing).
(h) Sampling and testing.
(1) Sampling and testing shall be performed as follows:
(i) Sampling of an ink, varnish, coating, fountain solution or cleaning solution and testing for the VOC content of the ink, varnish, coating, fountain solution or cleaning solution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures and test methods specified in Chapter 139.
(ii) Sampling and testing of an add-on air pollution control device shall be performed in accordance with the procedures and test methods specified in Chapter 139 and meet one of the following:
(A) Sampling and testing shall be performed no later than 180 days after the compliance date of the press.
(B) Sampling and testing shall have been performed within 5 years prior to January 1, 2015, and previously approved by the Department.
(2) The control efficiency shall be determined using one or more of the following methods, as applicable, subject to prior written approval by the Department. The method used to measure the inlet concentration of VOC may be the same method used to determine the outlet concentration of VOC unless use of the same method is determined to be technically infeasible.
(i) EPA Reference Method 25, Determination of Total Gaseous Nonmethane Organic Emissions as Carbon, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 25 may be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon.
(ii) EPA Reference Method 25A, Determination of Total Gaseous Organic Concentration Using a Flame Ionization Analyzer, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 25A may not be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration at the outlet of the add-on air pollution control device is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon.
(iii) EPA Reference Method 18, Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatography, codified in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, including updates and revisions. EPA Reference Method 18 may be used if the total gaseous nonmethane organic compound concentration is equal to or greater than 50 parts per million by volume, measured as carbon. EPA Reference Method 18 may be used in conjunction with EPA Reference Method 25A to subtract emissions of exempt VOCs.
(3) Other test methods demonstrated to provide results that are acceptable for purposes of determining compliance with this section may be used if prior approval is obtained in writing from the Department and the EPA.
(i) Work practice requirements for cleaning activities.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (3), beginning January 1, 2015, the owner or operator of an offset lithographic printing press or a letterpress printing press subject to subsection (a)(1)(i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) shall comply with the following work practices for cleaning activities at the facility:
(i) Store all VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels in closed containers.
(ii) Ensure that mixing vessels and storage containers used for VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels are kept closed at all times, except when depositing or removing these solutions or shop towels.
(iii) Minimize spills of VOC-containing cleaning solutions and waste cleaning solutions and clean up spills immediately.
(iv) Convey VOC-containing cleaning solutions, waste cleaning solutions and used shop towels from one location to another in closed containers or pipes.
(2) The requirements in paragraph (1) apply to the following activities:
(i) Cleaning of a press, including blanket washing, roller washing, plate cleaners, metering roller cleaners, impression cylinder cleaners and rubber rejuvenators.
(ii) Cleaning of press parts, including press parts that have been removed from the press for cleaning.
(iii) Cleaning of ink, coating or adhesive from areas around a press.
(3) The requirements in paragraph (1) do not apply to the following activities:
(i) Cleaning electronic components of a press.
(ii) Cleaning in pre-press (for example, platemaking) operations.
(iii) Cleaning in post-press (for example, binding) operations.
(iv) Using janitorial supplies (for example, detergents or floor cleaners) for general cleaning around a press.
(v) The use of parts washers or cold cleaners at an offset lithographic printing or a letterpress printing facility. The use of parts washers and cold cleaners is regulated under § 129.63 (relating to degreasing operations).
(j) Composite partial vapor pressure. The composite partial vapor pressure of organic compounds in cleaning solutions shall be determined by one of the following procedures:
(1) Quantifying the amount of each compound in the blend using gas chromatographic analysis, using an appropriate and current ASTM test method with prior written approval by the Department.
(2) Calculating the composite partial vapor pressure using the following equation:
Where:
PPc = VOC composite partial vapor pressure at 20°C, in mm mercury
Wi = Weight of the ''i''th VOC compound, in grams
Ww = Weight of water, in grams
We = Weight of the ''e''th exempt compound, in grams
MWi = Molecular weight of the ''i''th VOC compound, in grams per g-mole, as given in chemical reference literature
MWw = Molecular weight of water, in grams per g-mole (18 grams per g-mole)
MWe = Molecular weight of the ''e''th exempt compound, in grams per g-mole, as given in chemical reference literature
VPi = Vapor pressure of the ''i''th VOC compound at 20°C, in mm mercury, as determined by subsection (k)
(k) Determination of vapor pressure of single organic compounds in cleaning solutions. The vapor pressure of each single component compound shall be determined from one or more of the following:
(1) An appropriate and current ASTM test method with prior written approval by the Department.
(2) The most recent edition of one or more of the following sources:
(i) Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances, Boublik, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
(ii) Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Green and Perry, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
(iii) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press.
(iv) Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
(v) Additional sources approved by the Department.
(l) VOC retention factors and capture efficiency factors. As specified in subsection (a)(2), if:
(1) A portion of the VOCs contained in the ink or cleaning solution, or both, is retained in the printed web substrate or in the shop towels used for cleaning, the following VOC emission retention factors shall be used, as applicable:
(i) A 20% VOC emission retention factor for a petroleum ink oil-based heatset ink printed on an absorptive substrate, meaning 80% of the petroleum ink oil content is emitted as VOC during the printing process and is available for capture and control by an add-on air pollution control device. The petroleum ink oil content of a heatset ink may be determined from formulation data included on a CPDS or MSDS.
(ii) A 95% VOC emission retention factor for a petroleum ink oil-based non-heatset web or non-heatset sheet-fed ink, meaning 5% of the petroleum ink oil content is emitted as VOC during the printing process and is available for capture and control by an add-on air pollution control device. The petroleum ink oil content of a non-heatset web or non-heatset sheet-fed ink may be determined from formulation data included on a CPDS or MSDS.
(iii) A 100% VOC emission retention factor for vegetable ink oil-based heatset and non-heatset inks.
(iv) A 50% VOC emission retention factor for low VOC composite vapor pressure cleaning solutions in shop towels if both of the following conditions are met:
(A) The VOC composite vapor pressure of the cleaning solution is less than 10mm Hg at 20°C (68°F).
(B) The cleaning solutions and used shop towels are kept in closed containers.
(2) A portion of the VOCs contained in one or more of the ink, fountain solution or automatic blanket wash materials is captured in the press dryer for control by the add-on air pollution control device, the following capture efficiency factors shall be used, as applicable:
(i) A 100% VOC emission capture efficiency for volatilized ink oils for oil-based heatset paste inks and varnishes as specified in paragraph (1) if both of the following conditions are met:
(A) The press dryer is operating at negative pressure relative to the surrounding pressroom.
(B) The air flow is into the press dryer.
(ii) A 70% VOC emission capture efficiency for a fountain solution that contains an alcohol substitute.
(iii) A 40% VOC emission capture efficiency for an automatic blanket wash if the VOC composite vapor pressure of the cleaning solution is less than 10mm Hg at 20°C (68°F).
§ 129.77. Control of emissions from the use or application of adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents.
* * * * * (k) This section does not apply to the use or application of the following compounds or products:
(1) Adhesives, sealants, adhesive primers or sealant primers being tested or evaluated in a research and development, quality assurance or analytical laboratory, if records are maintained as required in subsections (p) and (q).
(2) Adhesives, sealants, adhesive primers or sealant primers that are subject to other sections in this chapter or Chapter 130 (relating to standards for products).
* * * * *
CHAPTER 130. STANDARDS FOR PRODUCTS
Subchapter D. ADHESIVES, SEALANTS, PRIMERS AND SOLVENTS
GENERAL PROVISIONS § 130.703. Exemptions and exceptions.
(a) This subchapter does not apply to the use, application, sale, supply, offer for sale or manufacture for sale for use in this Commonwealth of the following compounds or products:
(1) Adhesives, sealants, adhesive primers or sealant primers being tested or evaluated in a research and development, quality assurance or analytical laboratory, if records are maintained as required under § 130.704 (relating to recordkeeping requirements).
(2) Adhesives, sealants, adhesive primers or sealant primers that are subject to other sections in this chapter or Chapter 129 (relating to standards for sources).
* * * * *
[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-1341. Filed for public inspection June 27, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]
No part of the information on this site may be reproduced for profit or sold for profit.This material has been drawn directly from the official Pennsylvania Bulletin full text database. Due to the limitations of HTML or differences in display capabilities of different browsers, this version may differ slightly from the official printed version.
