Pennsylvania Bulletin

PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 14-434e

[44 Pa.B. 1131]
[Saturday, March 1, 2014]

[Continued from previous Web Page]

3.5. Earth Sciences

3.5.4. GRADE 4 3.5.7. GRADE 7 3.5.10. GRADE 10 3.5.12. GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .

Refer to Environment and Ecology Standards Categories 4.1, 4.3, 4.8 for standards that deal with environmental impact of Earth structures and forces.

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

These standards describe what students in the science classroom should know and be able to do with the English language in reading, grade 6 through 12. The standards provide the targets for instruction and student learning essential for success in all academic areas, not just language arts classrooms. Although the standards are not a curriculum or a prescribed series of activities, school entities will use them to develop a local school curriculum that will meet local students' needs.

The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for K-5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K-5 Reading standards.

The English Language Arts Standards for Science and Technical Subjects also provide parents and community members with information about what students should know and be able to do as they progress through the educational program and at graduation. With a clearly defined target provided by the standards, parents, students, educators and community members become partners in learning. Each standard implies an end of year goal—with the understanding that exceeding the standard is an even more desirable end goal.

3.5
Reading Informational Text
Students read, understand, and respond to informational text—with emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with focus on textual evidence.

GRADE 6-8 GRADE 9-10 GRADE 11-12

Key Ideas and Details CC.3.5.6-8.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.
CC.3.5.9-10.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions.
CC.3.5.11-12.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account.

CC.3.5.6-8.B.
Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
CC.3.5.9-10.B.
Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text's explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text.
CC.3.5.11-12.B.
Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms.

CC.3.5.6-8.C.
Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.
CC.3.5.9-10.C.
Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
CC.3.5.11-12.C.
Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text.

Craft and Structure CC.3.5.6-8.D.
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics.
CC.3.5.9-10.D.
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9-10 texts and topics.
CC.3.5.11-12.D.
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11-12 texts and topics.

CC.3.5.6-8.E.
Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.
CC.3.5.9-10.E.
Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
CC.3.5.11-12.E.
Analyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the information or ideas.

CC.3.5.6-8.F.
Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.
CC.3.5.9-10.F.
Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address.
CC.3.5.11-12.F.
Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, identifying important issues that remain unresolved.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas CC.3.5.6-8.G.
Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).
CC.3.5.9-10.G.
Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
CC.3.5.11-12.G.
Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem.

CC.3.5.6-8.H.
Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.
CC.3.5.9-10.H.
Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem.
CC.3.5.11-12.H.
Evaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possible and corroborating or challenging conclusions with other sources of information.

CC.3.5.6-8.I.
Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.
CC.3.5.9-10.I.
Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts.
CC.3.5.11-12.I.
Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible.

Range and Level of
Complex Texts
CC.3.5.6-8.J.
By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
CC.3.5.9-10.J.
By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
CC.3.5.11-12.J.
By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

* * * * *

3.6. Technology Education

3.6.4. GRADE 4 3.6.7. GRADE 7 3.6.10. GRADE 10 3.6.12. GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .

• Identify waste and pollution resulting from a manufacturing enterprise.
• Explain and demonstrate the concept of manufacturing (e.g., assemble a set of papers or ball point pens sequentially, mass produce an object).
• Identify transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
• Identify and experiment with simple machines used in transportation systems.
• Explain how improved transportation systems have changed society. • Explain the relationships among the basic resources needed in the production process for a specific manufactured object.
• Explain the difference between design engineering and production engineering processes.
• Analyze manufacturing steps that affect waste and pollutants.
• Explain transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
• Identify and explain the workings of several mechanical power systems.
• Model and explain examples of vehicular propulsion, control, guidance, structure and suspension systems.
• Explain the limitations of land, marine, air and space transportation systems. • Apply concepts of design engineering and production engineering in the organization and application of a manufacturing activity.
• Apply the concepts of manufacturing by redesigning an enterprise to improve productivity or reduce or eliminate waste and/or pollution.
• Evaluate the interrelationship of various transportation systems in the community.
• Analyze the impacts that transportation systems have on a community. • Assess the importance of capital on specific construction applications.
• Analyze the positive and negative qualities of several different types of materials as they would relate to specific construction applications.
• Analyze transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting.
• Analyze the concepts of vehicular propulsion, guidance, control, suspension and structural systems while designing and producing specific complex transportation systems.

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

These standards describe what students in the social studies classroom should know and be able to do with the English language in writing, grade 6 through 12. The standards provide the targets for instruction and student learning essential for success in all academic areas, not just language arts classrooms. Although the standards are not a curriculum or a prescribed series of activities, school entities will use them to develop a local school curriculum that will meet local students' needs.

The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for K-5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K-5 Writing standards.

The English Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies also provide parents and community members with information about what students should know and be able to do as they progress through the educational program and at graduation. With a clearly defined target provided by the standards, parents, students, educators and community members become partners in learning. Each standard implies an end of year goal—with the understanding that exceeding the standard is an even more desirable end goal.

3.6 Writing
Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.

GRADES 6-8 GRADES 9-10 GRADES 11-12

Text Types and Purposes CC.3.6.6-8.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.
• Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Establish and maintain a formal style.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. CC.3.6.9-10.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.
CC.3.6.11-12.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.

CC.3.6.6-8.B. *
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.
• Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.
CC.3.6.9-10.B. *
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
• Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
CC.3.6.11-12.B. *
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
• Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).

Production and Distribution of Writing CC.3.6.6-8.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CC.3.6.9-10.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CC.3.6.11-12.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

CC.3.6.6-8.D.
With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed. CC.3.6.9-10.D.
Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. CC.3.6.11-12.D.
Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.

CC.3.6.6-8.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently. CC.3.6.9-10.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. CC.3.6.11-12.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.

Research to Build and Present Knowledge CC.3.6.6-8.F.
Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. CC.3.6.9-10.F.
Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. CC.3.6.11-12.F.
Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.

CC.3.6.6-8.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CC.3.6.9-10.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CC.3.6.11-12.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.

CC.3.6.6-8.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. CC.3.6.9-10.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. CC.3.6.11-12.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Range of Writing CC.3.6.6-8.J.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. CC.3.6.9-10.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. CC.3.6.11-12.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

* Students' narrative skills continue to grow in these grades. The Standards require that students be able to incorporate narrative elements effectively into arguments and informative/explanatory texts. In history/social studies, students must be able to incorporate narrative accounts into their analyses of individuals or events of historical import. In science and technical subjects, students must be able to write precise enough descriptions of the step-by-step procedures they use in their investigations or technical work that others can replicate them and (possibly) reach the same results.

APPENDIX C

Academic Standards for Civics and Government and Economics and Geography and History

Academic Standards for History

XXII. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
XXIII.

THE ACADEMIC STANDARDS

Historical Analysis and Skills Development
8.1.

A. Chronological Thinking

B. Historical Comprehension

C. Historical Interpretation

D. Historical Research

Pennsylvania History
8.2.

A. Contributions of Individuals and Groups

B. Documents, Artifacts and Historical Places

C. Influences of Continuity and Change

D. Conflict and Cooperation Among Groups

United States History
8.3.

A. Contributions of Individuals and Groups

B. Documents, Artifacts and Historical Places

C. Influences of Continuity and Change

D. Conflict and Cooperation Among Groups

World History
8.4.

A. Contributions of Individuals and Groups

B. Documents, Artifacts and Historical Places

C. Influences of Continuity and Change

D. Conflict and Cooperation Among Groups

Reading
8.5

Students read, understand, and respond to informational text in the content area—with an emphasis on comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and making connections among ideas and between texts with a focus on textual evidence.

• Key Ideas and Details

• Craft and Structure

• Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

• Range and Level of Complex Texts

Writing
8.6

Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.

• Text Types and Purposes

• Production and Distribution of Writing

• Research to Build and Present Knowledge

• Range of Writing

Glossary
XXIV.

* * * * *

8.4. World History

8.4.3. GRADE 3 8.4.6. GRADE 6 8.4.9. GRADE 9 8.4.12. GRADE 12

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to. . .

* * * * *

Standard Category 8.1. Historical Analysis and Skills Development should be applied to the above standard statements and descriptors. Suggested chronology in organizing the content for grade levels 7-9 and 10-12 use the 15th century as the dividing point; however, instruction is encouraged that draws on prior and later events in history so that students may develop a seamless view of the world.

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

These standards describe what students in the social studies classroom should know and be able to do with the English language in reading, grade 6 through 12. The standards provide the targets for instruction and student learning essential for success in all academic areas, not just language arts classrooms. Although the standards are not a curriculum or a prescribed series of activities, school entities will use them to develop a local school curriculum that will meet local students' needs.

The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for K-5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K-5 Reading standards.

The English Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies also provide parents and community members with information about what students should know and be able to do as they progress through the educational program and at graduation. With a clearly defined target provided by the standards, parents, students, educators and community members become partners in learning. Each standard implies an end of year goal—with the understanding that exceeding the standard is an even more desirable end goal.

8.5 Reading Informational Text
Students read, understand, and respond to informational text—with emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with focus on textual evidence.

GRADE 6-8 GRADE 9-10 GRADE 11-12

Key Ideas and Details CC.8.5.6-8.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources.
CC.8.5.9-10.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.
CC.8.5.11-12.A.
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.

CC.8.5.6-8.B.
Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
CC.8.5.9-10.B.
Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
CC.8.5.11-12.B.
Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas.

CC.8.5.6-8.C.
Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered).
CC.8.5.9-10.C.
Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.
CC.8.5.11-12.C.
Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain.

Craft and Structure CC.8.5.6-8.D.
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies.
CC.8.5.9-10.D.
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social science.
CC.8.5.11-12.D.
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No. 10).

CC.8.5.6-8.E.
Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally).
CC.8.5.9-10.E.
Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or analysis.
CC.8.5.11-12.E.
Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole.

CC.8.5.6-8.F.
Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts).
CC.8.5.9-10.F.
Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts.
CC.8.5.11-12.F.
Evaluate authors' differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors' claims, reasoning, and evidence.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas CC.8.5.6-8.G.
Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.
CC.8.5.9-10.G.
Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.
CC.8.5.11-12.G.
Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem.

CC.8.5.6-8.H.
Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text.
CC.8.5.9-10.H.
Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claims.
CC.8.5.11-12.H.
Evaluate an author's premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information.

CC.8.5.6-8.I.
Analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic.
CC.8.5.9-10.I.
Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources.
CC.8.5.11-12.I.
Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.

Range and Level of
Complex Texts CC.8.5.6-8.J.
By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
CC.8.5.9-10.J.
By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
CC.8.5.11-12.J.
By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

These standards describe what students in the social studies classroom should know and be able to do with the English language in writing, grade 6 through 12. The standards provide the targets for instruction and student learning essential for success in all academic areas, not just language arts classrooms. Although the standards are not a curriculum or a prescribed series of activities, school entities will use them to develop a local school curriculum that will meet local students' needs.

The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for K-5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K-5 Writing standards.

The English Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies also provide parents and community members with information about what students should know and be able to do as they progress through the educational program and at graduation. With a clearly defined target provided by the standards, parents, students, educators and community members become partners in learning. Each standard implies an end of year goal—with the understanding that exceeding the standard is an even more desirable end goal.

8.6 Writing
Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.

GRADES 6-8 GRADES 9-10 GRADES 11-12

Text Types and Purposes CC.8.6.6-8.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.
• Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Establish and maintain a formal style.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. CC.8.6.9-10.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.
CC.8.6.11-12.A.
Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
• Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
• Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases.
• Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.

CC.8.6.6-8.B.*
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.
• Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.
CC.8.6.9-10.B.*
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
• Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
• Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
CC.8.6.11-12.B.*
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
• Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
• Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
• Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
• Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
• Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).

Production and Distribution of Writing CC.8.6.6-8.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CC.8.6.9-10.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CC.8.6.11-12.C.
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

CC.8.6.6-8.D.
With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed. CC.8.6.9-10.D.
Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. CC.8.6.11-12.D.
Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.

CC.8.6.6-8.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently. CC.8.6.9-10.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. CC.8.6.11-12.E.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.

Research to Build and Present Knowledge CC.8.6.6-8.F.
Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. CC.8.6.9-10.F.
Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. CC.8.6.11-12.F.
Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.

CC.8.6.6-8.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CC.8.6.9-10.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CC.8.6.11-12.G.
Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.

CC.8.6.6-8.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. CC.8.6.9-10.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. CC.8.6.11-12.H.
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Range of Writing CC.8.6.6-8.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. CC.8.6.9-10.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. CC.8.6.11-12.I.
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks,
purposes, and audiences.

* Students' narrative skills continue to grow in these grades. The Standards require that students be able to incorporate narrative elements effectively into arguments and informative/explanatory texts. In history/social studies, students must be able to incorporate narrative accounts into their analyses of individuals or events of historical import. In science and technical subjects, students must be able to write precise enough descriptions of the step-by-step procedures they use in their investigations or technical work that others can replicate them and (possibly) reach the same results.

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-434. Filed for public inspection February 28, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]

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3.5	Reading Informational Text Students read, understand, and respond to informational text—with emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with focus on textual evidence.
	GRADE 6-8	GRADE 9-10	GRADE 11-12
Key Ideas and Details	CC.3.5.6-8.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.	CC.3.5.9-10.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions.	CC.3.5.11-12.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account.
CC.3.5.6-8.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.	CC.3.5.9-10.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text's explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text.	CC.3.5.11-12.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms.
CC.3.5.6-8.C. Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.	CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.	CC.3.5.11-12.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text.
Craft and Structure	CC.3.5.6-8.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics.	CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9-10 texts and topics.	CC.3.5.11-12.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11-12 texts and topics.
CC.3.5.6-8.E. Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.	CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).	CC.3.5.11-12.E. Analyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the information or ideas.
CC.3.5.6-8.F. Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.	CC.3.5.9-10.F. Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address.	CC.3.5.11-12.F. Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, identifying important issues that remain unresolved.
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas	CC.3.5.6-8.G. Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).	CC.3.5.9-10.G. Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.	CC.3.5.11-12.G. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem.
CC.3.5.6-8.H. Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.	CC.3.5.9-10.H. Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem.	CC.3.5.11-12.H. Evaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possible and corroborating or challenging conclusions with other sources of information.
CC.3.5.6-8.I. Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.	CC.3.5.9-10.I. Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts.	CC.3.5.11-12.I. Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible.
Range and Level of Complex Texts	CC.3.5.6-8.J. By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.	CC.3.5.9-10.J. By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.	CC.3.5.11-12.J. By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

3.6	Writing Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.
	GRADES 6-8	GRADES 9-10	GRADES 11-12
Text Types and Purposes	CC.3.6.6-8.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. • Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. • Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Establish and maintain a formal style. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.	CC.3.6.9-10.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns. • Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.	CC.3.6.11-12.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases. • Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.
	CC.3.6.6-8.B. * Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. • Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. • Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.	CC.3.6.9-10.B. * Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic. • Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. • Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).	CC.3.6.11-12.B. * Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic. • Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts. • Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Production and Distribution of Writing	CC.3.6.6-8.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.	CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.	CC.3.6.11-12.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
CC.3.6.6-8.D. With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.	CC.3.6.9-10.D. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.	CC.3.6.11-12.D. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
CC.3.6.6-8.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently.	CC.3.6.9-10.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically.	CC.3.6.11-12.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
Research to Build and Present Knowledge	CC.3.6.6-8.F. Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.	CC.3.6.9-10.F. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.	CC.3.6.11-12.F. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
CC.3.6.6-8.G. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.	CC.3.6.9-10.G. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.	CC.3.6.11-12.G. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
CC.3.6.6-8.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.	CC.3.6.9-10.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.	CC.3.6.11-12.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Range of Writing	CC.3.6.6-8.J.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.	CC.3.6.9-10.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.	CC.3.6.11-12.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

8.5	Reading Informational Text Students read, understand, and respond to informational text—with emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with focus on textual evidence.
	GRADE 6-8	GRADE 9-10	GRADE 11-12
Key Ideas and Details	CC.8.5.6-8.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources.	CC.8.5.9-10.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.	CC.8.5.11-12.A. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.
CC.8.5.6-8.B. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.	CC.8.5.9-10.B. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.	CC.8.5.11-12.B. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas.
CC.8.5.6-8.C. Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered).	CC.8.5.9-10.C. Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.	CC.8.5.11-12.C. Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain.
Craft and Structure	CC.8.5.6-8.D. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies.	CC.8.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social science.	CC.8.5.11-12.D. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No. 10).
CC.8.5.6-8.E. Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally).	CC.8.5.9-10.E. Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or analysis.	CC.8.5.11-12.E. Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole.
CC.8.5.6-8.F. Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts).	CC.8.5.9-10.F. Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts.	CC.8.5.11-12.F. Evaluate authors' differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors' claims, reasoning, and evidence.
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas	CC.8.5.6-8.G. Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.	CC.8.5.9-10.G. Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.	CC.8.5.11-12.G. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem.
CC.8.5.6-8.H. Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text.	CC.8.5.9-10.H. Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claims.	CC.8.5.11-12.H. Evaluate an author's premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information.
CC.8.5.6-8.I. Analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic.	CC.8.5.9-10.I. Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources.	CC.8.5.11-12.I. Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.
Range and Level of Complex Texts	CC.8.5.6-8.J. By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.	CC.8.5.9-10.J. By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.	CC.8.5.11-12.J. By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently.

8.6	Writing Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.
	GRADES 6-8	GRADES 9-10	GRADES 11-12
Text Types and Purposes	CC.8.6.6-8.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. • Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. • Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Establish and maintain a formal style. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.	CC.8.6.9-10.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns. • Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.	CC.8.6.11-12.A. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. • Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. • Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases. • Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.
	CC.8.6.6-8.B.* Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. • Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. • Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.	CC.8.6.9-10.B.* Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic. • Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. • Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. • Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).	CC.8.6.11-12.B.* Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. • Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. • Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic. • Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts. • Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. • Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Production and Distribution of Writing	CC.8.6.6-8.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.	CC.8.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.	CC.8.6.11-12.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
CC.8.6.6-8.D. With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.	CC.8.6.9-10.D. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.	CC.8.6.11-12.D. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
CC.8.6.6-8.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently.	CC.8.6.9-10.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically.	CC.8.6.11-12.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
Research to Build and Present Knowledge	CC.8.6.6-8.F. Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.	CC.8.6.9-10.F. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.	CC.8.6.11-12.F. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
CC.8.6.6-8.G. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.	CC.8.6.9-10.G. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.	CC.8.6.11-12.G. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
CC.8.6.6-8.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.	CC.8.6.9-10.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.	CC.8.6.11-12.H. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Range of Writing	CC.8.6.6-8.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.	CC.8.6.9-10.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.	CC.8.6.11-12.I. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

[44 Pa.B. 1131]
[Saturday, March 1, 2014]

[Continued from previous Web Page]

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX C

Academic Standards for Civics and Government and Economics and Geography and History

Academic Standards for History

XXII. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-434. Filed for public inspection February 28, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]

3.5. Earth Sciences
3.5.4. GRADE 4	3.5.7. GRADE 7	3.5.10. GRADE 10	3.5.12. GRADE 12
*Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .*
Refer to Environment and Ecology Standards Categories 4.1, 4.3, 4.8 for standards that deal with environmental impact of Earth structures and forces.

3.6. Technology Education
3.6.4. GRADE 4	3.6.7. GRADE 7	3.6.10. GRADE 10	3.6.12. GRADE 12
*Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to. . .*
• Identify waste and pollution resulting from a manufacturing enterprise. • Explain and demonstrate the concept of manufacturing (e.g., assemble a set of papers or ball point pens sequentially, mass produce an object). • Identify transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. • Identify and experiment with simple machines used in transportation systems. • Explain how improved transportation systems have changed society.	• Explain the relationships among the basic resources needed in the production process for a specific manufactured object. • Explain the difference between design engineering and production engineering processes. • Analyze manufacturing steps that affect waste and pollutants. • Explain transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. • Identify and explain the workings of several mechanical power systems. • Model and explain examples of vehicular propulsion, control, guidance, structure and suspension systems. • Explain the limitations of land, marine, air and space transportation systems.	• Apply concepts of design engineering and production engineering in the organization and application of a manufacturing activity. • Apply the concepts of manufacturing by redesigning an enterprise to improve productivity or reduce or eliminate waste and/or pollution. • Evaluate the interrelationship of various transportation systems in the community. • Analyze the impacts that transportation systems have on a community.	• Assess the importance of capital on specific construction applications. • Analyze the positive and negative qualities of several different types of materials as they would relate to specific construction applications. • Analyze transportation technologies of propelling, structuring, suspending, guiding, controlling and supporting. • Analyze the concepts of vehicular propulsion, guidance, control, suspension and structural systems while designing and producing specific complex transportation systems.

8.4. World History
8.4.3. GRADE 3	8.4.6. GRADE 6	8.4.9. GRADE 9	8.4.12. GRADE 12
Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to. . .
* * * * *
Standard Category 8.1. Historical Analysis and Skills Development should be applied to the above standard statements and descriptors. Suggested chronology in organizing the content for grade levels 7-9 and 10-12 use the 15th century as the dividing point; however, instruction is encouraged that draws on prior and later events in history so that students may develop a seamless view of the world.

[44 Pa.B. 1131][Saturday, March 1, 2014]

[Continued from previous Web Page]

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in Science and Technology Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in Science and Technology Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX C

Academic Standards for Civics and Government and Economics and Geography and History

Academic Standards for History

XXII. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in History and Social Studies Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in History and Social Studies Grades 6-12

INTRODUCTION

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-434. Filed for public inspection February 28, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]

[44 Pa.B. 1131]
[Saturday, March 1, 2014]

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in
Science and Technology
Grades 6-12

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading in
History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12

Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing in History and Social Studies
Grades 6-12