Pennsylvania Bulletin

PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 05-2022

PROPOSED RULEMAKING

[22 PA. CODE CH. 4]

Academic Standards and Assessment for Career Education and Work

[35 Pa.B. 6118]

   The State Board of Education (Board) proposes to amend Chapter 4 (relating to academic standards and assessment) to add academic standards for Career Education and Work to read as set forth in Annex A. The statutory authority for this proposed rulemaking is the Public School Code of 1949 (24 P. S. §§ 1-101--27-2702).

Purpose

   The proposed rulemaking will add academic standards for Career Education and Work. The purpose of adding these requirements is to specify academic standards to be achieved by students enrolled at various grade levels in the public schools of this Commonwealth.

   The Board previously published proposed academic standards for Career Education and Work at 33 Pa.B. 1847 (April 12, 2003). However, the Board chose not to submit final regulations within the 2-year time frame required by the Regulatory Review Act (71 P. S. §§ 745.1--745.15) to permit the Board to consider emerging new policy initiatives that would affect high schools and career and technical education. A committee composed of Department of Education (Department) staff, representatives of business and schools and State education and business associations developed the revised academic standards for career education and work.

Requirements of the Regulations

   Proposed amendments to Chapter 4 define the academic standards for Career Education and Work to be achieved by students enrolled at various grade levels in the public schools of this Commonwealth. Academic standards for Career Education and Work are organized into four areas: (1) career awareness and preparation; (2) career acquisition (getting a job); (3) career retention and advancement; and (4) entrepreneurship. Specific standards describe what students should know and be able to do by the end of third, fifth, eighth and eleventh grade.

Affected Parties

   The proposed rulemaking affects the students and professional employees of the public schools of this Commonwealth (including intermediate units, area vocational-technical schools and cyber charter schools).

Cost and Paperwork Estimates

   Costs to implement this proposed rulemaking may include curriculum development and the professional development of teachers. These costs may vary by school district. Curriculum development is an ongoing activity for schools and is typically part of their normal budgeting. Costs associated with aligning curricula with these standards at the local level will be minimized by technical assistance in curriculum development provided by Department and Intermediate unit staff using existing resources.

   Professional development of teachers is an ongoing activity for schools and is addressed in the normal budgeting of school districts and the Department. Specific programs designed to support the implementation of these standards will minimize any financial impact on school districts.

   Professional development is provided through the Governor's Institutes for Teachers and is included within current year appropriations. In addition, the act of November 23, 1999 (P. L. 529, No. 48) (Act 48) establishes a requirement for all educators to engage in continuing professional education. Act 48 also requires the Department to provide 40 hours of professional development annually at no cost to teachers. Online professional development courses may be developed on the Career Education and Work academic standards.

Effective Date

   The proposed rulemaking will become effective upon final-form publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

Sunset Date

   In accordance with the terms and provisions of § 4.12(i) (relating to academic standards), the effectiveness of these academic standards will be reviewed by the Board every 3 years. Thus, no sunset date is necessary.

Regulatory Review

   Under section 5(a) of the Regulatory Review Act (71 P. S. § 745.5(a)), on September 26, 2005, the Board submitted a copy of this proposed rulemaking and a copy of a Regulatory Analysis Form to the Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IRRC) and to the Chairpersons of the House and Senate Committees on Education. A copy of this material is available to the public upon request.

   Under section 5(g) of the Regulatory Review Act, IRRC may convey any comments, recommendations or objections to the proposed rulemaking within 30 days of the close of the public comment period. The comments, recommendations or objections must specify the regulatory review criteria which have not been met. The Regulatory Review Act specifies detailed procedures for review, prior to final publication of the rulemaking, by the Board, the General Assembly and the Governor of comments, recommendations or objections raised.

Public Comments and Contact Person

   Interested persons are invited to submit written comments, suggestions or objections regarding this proposed rulemaking to Jim Buckheit, Executive Director, State Board of Education, 333 Market Street, Harrisburg, PA 17126-0333 within 30 days following publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

   Persons with disabilities needing an alternative means of providing public comment may make arrangements by calling Jim Buckheit at (717) 787-3787 or TDD (717) 787-7367.

JIM BUCKHEIT,
Executive Director

   Fiscal Note: 6-296. No fiscal impact; (8) recommends adoption.

Annex A

TITLE 22. EDUCATION

PART I. STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

CHAPTER 4. ACADEMIC STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX E

Academic Standards for Career Education
and Work

Proposed Academic Standards for Career Education and Work

XXXVII. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction                                                XXXVIII.

THE ACADEMIC STANDARDS

Career Awareness and Preparation               13.1.
   A.  Abilities and Aptitudes
   B.  Non-Traditional Workplace Roles
   C.  Local Career Preparation Opportunities
   D.  Career Selection Influences
   E.  Preparation for Careers
   F.  Career Plan Components

Career Acquisition (Getting a Job)                     13.2.
   A.  Interviewing Skills
   B.  Resources
   C.  Career Acquisition Documents
   D.  Career Planning Portfolios
   E.  Career Acquisition Process

Career Retention and Advancement               13.3.
   A.  Work Habits
   B.  Cooperation and Teamwork
   C.  Group Interaction
   D.  Budgeting
   E.  Time Management
   F.  Workplace Changes
   G.  Lifelong Learning

Entrepreneurship                                             13.4.
   A.  Risks and Rewards
   B.  Character Traits
   C.  Business Plan

Glossary                                                         XXXIX.

XXXVIII. INTRODUCTION

   The Academic Standards for Career Education and Work reflect the increasing complexity and sophistication that students experience as they progress through school. Career Education and Work Standards describe what students should know and be able to do at four grade levels (3, 5, 8 and 11) in four areas:

   *  13.1 Career Awareness and Preparation

   *  13.2 Career Acquisition (Getting a Job)

   *  13.3 Career Retention and Advancement

   *  13.4 Entrepreneurship

   Pennsylvania's economic future depends on having a well-educated and skilled workforce. No student should leave secondary education without a solid foundation in Career Education and Work. It is the rapidly changing workplace and the demand for continuous learning and innovation on the part of the workers that drive the need to establish academic standards in Career Education and Work.

   Through a comprehensive approach, Career Education and Work Standards complement all disciplines and other academic standards. If Pennsylvania's students are to succeed in the workplace, there are certain skills that they need to obtain prior to graduation from high school. These skills have been identified in the Career Education and Work Standards, but it is up to individual school districts to decide how they are to be taught. Districts can implement integration strategies within existing disciplines or can implement stand-alone courses to specifically address these standards.

   A glossary is included to assist the reader in understanding terminology contained in the standards.

13.1. Career Awareness and Preparation

13.1.3. GRADE 3 13.1.5. GRADE 5 13.1.8. GRADE 8 13.1.11. GRADE 11

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

A.  Recognize that individuals have unique interests. A.  Describe the impact of individual interests and abilities on career choices. A.  Relate careers to individual interests, abilities, and aptitudes. A.  Relate careers to individual interests, abilities, and aptitudes.

B.  Recognize that the roles of individuals at home, in the workplace and in the community are constantly changing. B.  Relate the impact of change to both traditional and nontraditional careers. B.  Explain how both traditional and nontraditional careers offer or hinder career opportunities. B.  Analyze how the changing roles of individuals in the workplace relate to new opportunities within career choices.

C.  Identify the range of jobs available in the community. C.  Describe the range of career training programs in the community such as, but not limited to:
*  Two-and-four year colleges
*  Career and technical centers
*  CareerLinks
*  Community/recreation centers
*  Faith-based organizations
*  Local industry training centers
*  Military
*  Registered apprenticeship
*  Vocational rehabilitation centers
*  Web-based training
C.  Explain the relationship of career training programs to employment opportunities. C.  Evaluate school-based opportunities for career awareness/preparation, such as, but not limited to:
* Career days
* Career portfolio
* Community service
* Cooperative education
*  Graduation/senior project
* Internship
* Job shadowing
* Part-time employment
*  Registered apprenticeship
* School-based enterprise

D.  Describe the work done by school personnel and other individuals in the community. D.  Describe the factors that influence career choices, such as, but not limited to:
*  Geographic location
*  Job description
*  Salaries/benefits
*  Work schedule
*  Working conditions
D.  Analyze the economic factors that impact employment opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  Competition
*  Geographic location
*  Global influences
*  Job growth
*  Job openings
*  Labor supply
*  Potential advancement
*  Potential earnings
*  Salaries/benefits
*  Unemployment
D.  Justify the selection of a career.

E.  Explore how people prepare for careers. E.  Investigate people's rationale for making career choices. E.  Analyze the relationship of school subjects, extracurricular activities and community experiences to career preparation. E.  Analyze the relationship between career choices and career preparation opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  Associate degree
*  Baccalaureate degree
*  Certificate/licensure
*  Entrepreneurship
*  Immediate part/full time employment
*  Industry training
*  Military training
*  Professional degree
*  Registered apprenticeship
*  Tech Prep

F.  Explain why education and training plans are important to careers. F.  Identify the components of a career plan, such as, but not limited to:
*  Beginnings of career portfolio
*  Career goals
*  Individual interests and abilities
*  Training/education requirements and costs
F.  Create an individualized career plan including, such as, but not limited to:
*  Assessment and continued development of career portfolio
*  Career goals
*  Cluster/pathway opportunities
*  Individual interests and abilities
*  Training/education requirements and financing
F.  Assess the implementation of the individualized career plan through the ongoing development of the career portfolio.

13.2. Career Acquisition (Getting a Job)

13.2.3. GRADE 3 13.2.5. GRADE 5 13.2.8. GRADE 8 13.2.11. GRADE 11

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

A.  Identify appropriate speaking and listening techniques used in conversation. A.  Apply appropriate speaking and listening techniques used in conversation. A.  Identify effective speaking and listening skills used in a job interview. A.  Apply effective speaking and listening skills used in a job interview.

B.  Discuss resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  Internet
*  Magazines
*  Newspapers
B.  Identify and review resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  Internet
*  Magazines
*  Newspapers
B.  Evaluate resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  CareerLinks
*  Internet (i.e. O-NET)
*  Networking
*  Newspapers
*  Professional associations
*  Resource books (that is Occupational Outlook Handbook, PA Career Guide)
B.  Apply research skills in searching for a job.
*  CareerLinks
*  Internet (that is O-NET)
*  Networking
*  Newspapers
*  Professional associations
*  Resource books (that is Occupational Outlook Handbook, PA Career Guide)

C.  Compose a personal letter. C.  Compose and compare a business and a personal letter. C.  Prepare a draft of career acquisition documents, such as, but not limited to:
*  Job application
*  Letter of appreciation following an interview
*  Letter of introduction
*  Request for letter of recommendation
*  Resume
C.  Develop and assemble, for career portfolio placement, career acquisition documents, such as, but not limited to:
*  Job application
*  Letter of appreciation following an interview
*  Letter of introduction
*  Postsecondary education/training applications
*  Request for letter of recommendation
*  Resume

D.  Identify the importance of developing a plan for the future. D.  Identify individualized career portfolio components, such as, but not limited to:
*  Achievements
*  Awards/recognitions
*  Career exploration results
*  Career plans
*  Community service involvement/projects
*  Interests/hobbies
*  Personal career goals
*  Selected school work
*  Self inventories
D.  Develop an individualized career portfolio including components, such as, but not limited to:
*  Achievements
*  Awards/recognitions
*  Career exploration results
*  Career plans
*  Community service involvement/projects
*  Interests/hobbies
*  Personal career goals
*  Selected school work
*  Self inventories
D.  Analyze, revise, and apply an individualized career portfolio to chosen career path.

E.  Discuss the importance of the essential workplace skills, such as, but not limited to:
*  Dependability
*  Health/safety
*  Team building
*  Technology
E.  Apply to daily activities, the essential workplace skills, such as, but not limited to:
*  Commitment
*  Communication
*  Dependability
*  Health/safety
*  Personal initiative
*  Scheduling/time management
*  Team building
*  Technical literacy
*  Technology
E.  Explain, in the career acquisition process, the importance of the essential workplace skills/knowledge, such as, but not limited to:
*  Commitment
*  Communication
*  Dependability
*  Health/safety
*  Laws and regulations (that is Child Labor Law, Fair Labor Standards Act, OSHA,
Material Safety Data Sheets)
*  Personal initiative
*  Scheduling/time management
*  Team building
*  Technical literacy
*  Technology
E.  Demonstrate, in the career acquisition process, the application of essential workplace skills/knowledge, such as, but not limited to:
*  Commitment
*  Communication
*  Dependability
*  Health/safety
*  Laws and regulations (that is Child Labor Law, Fair Labor Standards Act, OSHA,
Material Safety Data Sheets)
*  Personal initiative
*  Scheduling/time management
*  Team building
*  Technical literacy
*  Technology

13.3. Career Retention and Advancement

13.3.3. GRADE 3 13.3.5. GRADE 5 13.3.8. GRADE 8 13.3.11. GRADE 11

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

A.  Identify attitudes and work habits that contribute to success at home and school. A.  Explain how student attitudes and work habits transfer from the home and school to the workplace. A.  Determine attitudes and work habits that support career retention and advancement. A.  Evaluate personal attitudes and work habits that support career retention and advancement.

B.  Identify how to cooperate at both home and school. B.  Explain the importance of working cooperatively with others at both home and school to complete a task. B.  Analyze the role of each participant's contribution in a team setting. B.  Evaluate team member roles to describe and illustrate active listening techniques:
*  Clarifying
*  Encouraging
*  Reflecting
*  Restating
*  Summarizing

C.  Explain effective group interaction terms, such as, but not limited to:
*  Compliment
*  Cooperate
*  Encourage
*  Participate
C.  Identify effective group interaction strategies, such as, but not limited to:
*  Building consensus
*  Communicating effectively
*  Establishing ground rules
*  Listening to others
C.  Explain and demonstrate conflict resolution skills:
*  Constructive criticism
*  Group dynamics
*  Managing/leadership
*  Mediation
*  Negotiation
*  Problem solving
C.  Evaluate conflict resolution skills as they relate to the workplace:
*  Constructive criticism
*  Group dynamics
*  Managing/leadership
*  Mediation
*  Negotiation
*  Problem solving

D.  Explain how money is used. D.  Explain budgeting. D.  Analyze budgets and pay statements, such as, but not limited to:
*  Charitable contributions
*  Expenses
*  Gross pay
*  Net pay
*  Other income
*  Savings
*  Taxes
D.  Develop a personal budget based on career choice, such as, but not limited to:
*  Charitable contributions
*  Fixed/variable expenses
*  Gross pay
*  Net pay
*  Other income
*  Savings
*  Taxes

E.  Discuss how time is used at both home and school. E.  Develop a personal schedule based on activities and responsibilities at both home and school. E.  Identify and apply time management strategies as they relate to both personal and work situations. E.  Evaluate time management strategies and their application to both personal and work situations.

F.  Identify changes that occur at both home and school. F.  Describe the impact of changes at home, school and work. F.  Identify characteristics of the changing workplace and explain their impact on jobs and employment. F.  Evaluate strategies for career retention and advancement in response to the changing global workplace.

G.  Define and describe the importance of lifelong learning. G.  Describe how personal interests and abilities impact lifelong learning. G.  Identify formal and informal lifelong learning opportunities that support career retention and advancement. G.  Evaluate the impact of lifelong learning on career retention and advancement.

13.4. Entrepreneurship

13.4.3. GRADE 3 13.4.5. GRADE 5 13.4.8. GRADE 8 13.4.11. GRADE 11

Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

A.  Define entrepreneurship. A.  Identify the risks and rewards of entrepreneurship. A.  Compare and contrast entrepreneurship to traditional employment, such as, but not limited to:
*  Benefits
*  Job security
*  Operating costs
*  Wages
A.  Analyze entrepreneurship as it relates to personal career goals and corporate opportunities.

B.  Describe the character traits of successful entrepreneurs, such as, but not limited to:
*  Adaptability
*  Creative thinking
*  Ethical behavior
*  Leadership
*  Positive attitude
*  Risk-taking
B.  Discuss the entrepreneurial character traits of historical or contemporary entrepreneurs. B.  Evaluate how entrepreneurial character traits influence career opportunities. B.  Analyze entrepreneurship as it relates to personal character traits.

C.  Describe age-appropriate entrepreneurial opportunities, such as, but not limited to:
*  Bake sale
*  Crafts
*  Lemonade stand
*  Pet care
C.  Discuss the steps entrepreneurs take to bring their goods or services to market, such as, but not limited to:
*  Marketing
*  Production
*  Research and development
*  Selection of goods and services
C.  Identify and describe the basic components of a business plan, such as, but not limited to:
*  Business idea
*  Competitive analysis
*  Daily operations
*  Finances/budget
*  Marketing
*  Productive resources (human, capital, natural)
*  Sales forecasting
C.  Develop a business plan for an entrepreneurial concept of personal interest and identify available resources, such as, but not limited to:
*  Community Based Organizations (that is chambers of commerce, trade/technical associations, Industrial Resource Centers)
*  Financial institutions
*  School-based career centers
*  Small Business Administration services (that is SCORE, Small Business Development Centers, Entrepreneurial Development Centers)
*  Venture capital

Academic Standards for Career Education Work

XXXIX. GLOSSARY

Aptitudes: Capacity to learn and understand.

Associate degree: A postsecondary degree typically earned within a 2-year time frame.

Baccalaureate degree: A postsecondary degree, also known as a bachelor's degree, typically earned within a 4-year time frame from a college or university.

Benefits: Something of value that an employee receives in addition to a wage or salary. Examples include health and life insurance, vacation leave, retirement plans, and the like.

Budget: A financial plan that summarizes anticipated income and expenditures over a period of time.

Business plan: A prepared document detailing the past, present, and future of an organization.

Career and technical centers: Schools that educate secondary students and adults through academic instruction, job preparation and acquisition of occupational skills leading to credentials or employment, or both, in specific industries. The centers also provide opportunities for transition to postsecondary education and continuing education.

Career cluster: A grouping of related occupations, which share similar skill sets.

Career days: Special events that allow students to meet with employers, career development specialists, community-based organization representatives and postsecondary educators. Events are designed to encourage students to gain information about careers and job opportunities.

Career plan: A document developed by the student that identifies a series of educational studies and experiences to prepare them for postsecondary education or work, or both, in a selected career cluster or area.

Career portfolio: An ongoing, individualized collection of materials (electronic or hard copy) that documents a student's educational performance, career exploration and employment experiences over time. While there is no standard format that a career portfolio must take, it typically includes a range of work, containing assignments by the teacher/counselor and selections by the student. It serves as a guide for the student to transition to postsecondary education or the workplace, or both.

Career retention and advancement: Career retention is the process of keeping a job. Career advancement is the process of performing the necessary requirements to progress in a career.

CareerLinks: A cooperative system that provides one-stop delivery of career services to job seekers, employers and other interested individuals.

Certificate/licensure: A document, issued by associations, employers, educational institutions, government, and the like, confirming that one has fulfilled the requirements and is able to perform to a specified level of proficiency within a career field.

Child Labor Laws: Legislation governing the employment of children under 18 years of age.

Competitive analysis: A tool that allows a business to identify its competitors and evaluate their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Cooperative education: A structured method of instruction whereby students alternate or coordinate their high school studies with a job in a field related to their academic or career objectives.

Entrepreneurs: Individuals who engage in the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business or enterprise.

Entrepreneurship: The process of organizing, managing, and assuming the risks of a business or enterprise.

Fair Labor Standards Act: A Federal law that defines overtime and wage requirements (26 U.S.C.A. §§ 201--219).

Fixed/variable expenses: Fixed expenses are regular in their timing and amount, and include such things as rent, mortgage, car payment, and insurance. Variable expenses are irregular in their timing and amount, and include such things as food, clothing, home and car maintenance, entertainment and gifts.

Global influences: Political and cultural changes, which impact the world and its economy.

Gross pay: The amount earned before deductions, such as taxes, insurance and retirement/pension plan.

Industrial resource centers: Nonprofit corporations, which provide assistance to improve the competitive position of small-to-medium sized manufacturers.

Internship: A work experience with an employer for a specified period of time to learn about a particular industry or occupation, which may or may not include financial compensation. The workplace activities may include special projects, a sample of tasks from different jobs or tasks from a single occupation.

Job shadowing: Typically as part of career exploration activities in late middle and early high school, a student follows an employee for one or more days to learn about a particular occupation or industry. Job shadowing is intended to help students explore a range of career objectives and to possibly select a career pathway.

Labor supply: The number of persons either working or unemployed and actively seeking work.

Marketing: The process or technique of promoting, selling, and distributing a product or service.

Material Safety Data Sheets: Federally mandated listings of all hazardous materials that will impact the health and safety of the workers and that are required to be posted in the workplace.

Mediation: Third-party intervention between conflicting parties to promote reconciliation, settlement or compromise.

Net pay: The amount remaining after deductions, such as taxes, insurance and retirement/pension plan.

Networking: The act of exchanging information, contacts and services.

Non-traditional careers: Fields of work for which individuals from one gender comprise less than 25% of the individuals employed in those occupations or fields of work.

O*NET: Occupational Information Network--A free public access online web-based system provided by the United States Department of Labor, which includes comprehensive up-to-date occupational information including skills, knowledge, abilities and tasks for more than 950 occupations.

Operating costs: The funds necessary to operate a business, not including the cost of goods sold. This is also referred to as overhead.

OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration--A National agency with representatives in each state who monitor health and safety issues in the workplace.

Professional associations: Organizations of people having common interests.

Professional degree: A title conferred on students by a college, university or professional school upon completion of a program of study.

Registered apprenticeship: A formal program registered with the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training and with the Pennsylvania Apprenticeship Council. This program must follow strict guidelines as to the types of training and amount of training time an apprentice receives and leads directly into occupations requiring that training for entry.

Resume: A summary of one's personal qualifications, education/training and employment experience.

Salaries/benefits: Financial compensation paid regularly for services (See ''benefits'' for definition).

Sales forecasting: Predicting the number of services or units likely to be sold over a specified period of time.

School-based career centers: Specialized areas in schools equipped with resources and materials used to research postsecondary and occupational opportunities.

School-based enterprise: The production of goods or services as part of a school program.

SCORE: Service Corps of Retired Executives--A Small Business Administration Federally-sponsored program to assist small-to-medium sized companies.

Self inventories: Evaluations of an individual's strengths, weaknesses and interests, as it relates to career planning.

Tech Prep: The name given to programs that offer at least 4 years of sequential course work at the secondary and postsecondary levels to prepare students for technical careers. The curricula are designed to build student competency in academic subjects, as well as to provide broad technical preparation in a career area.

Technical literacy: The ability of individuals to use existing and emerging technologies, equipment, language, materials and manuals to participate intelligently in performing tasks related to everyday life, school or job.

Time management strategies: Scheduling techniques used to effectively and efficiently direct or control activities.

Traditional careers: Fields of work for which individuals from one gender comprise more than 25% of the individuals employed in those occupations or fields of work.

Unemployment: Measurement of the number of people who are not working and who are actively seeking work.

Venture capital: Public or private funds invested in a potentially profitable business enterprise despite risk of loss.

Vocational rehabilitation centers: Educational facilities that provide life skills and occupational training services for individuals with special needs.

Wages: Payments of money for labor or services according to contract and on an hourly, daily or piecework basis.

Web-based training: Instruction that is available online.

Work habits: Acquired behaviors that individuals regularly perform in completing tasks related to chores, school or job.

Working conditions: The environment in which an individual is employed.

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 05-2022. Filed for public inspection November 4, 2005, 9:00 a.m.]

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13.1. Career Awareness and Preparation
13.1.3. GRADE 3	13.1.5. GRADE 5	13.1.8. GRADE 8	13.1.11. GRADE 11
Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:
A. Recognize that individuals have unique interests.	A. Describe the impact of individual interests and abilities on career choices.	A. Relate careers to individual interests, abilities, and aptitudes.	A. Relate careers to individual interests, abilities, and aptitudes.
B. Recognize that the roles of individuals at home, in the workplace and in the community are constantly changing.	B. Relate the impact of change to both traditional and nontraditional careers.	B. Explain how both traditional and nontraditional careers offer or hinder career opportunities.	B. Analyze how the changing roles of individuals in the workplace relate to new opportunities within career choices.
C. Identify the range of jobs available in the community.	C. Describe the range of career training programs in the community such as, but not limited to: * Two-and-four year colleges * Career and technical centers * CareerLinks * Community/recreation centers * Faith-based organizations * Local industry training centers * Military * Registered apprenticeship * Vocational rehabilitation centers * Web-based training	C. Explain the relationship of career training programs to employment opportunities.	C. Evaluate school-based opportunities for career awareness/preparation, such as, but not limited to: * Career days * Career portfolio * Community service * Cooperative education * Graduation/senior project * Internship * Job shadowing * Part-time employment * Registered apprenticeship * School-based enterprise
D. Describe the work done by school personnel and other individuals in the community.	D. Describe the factors that influence career choices, such as, but not limited to: * Geographic location * Job description * Salaries/benefits * Work schedule * Working conditions	D. Analyze the economic factors that impact employment opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * Competition * Geographic location * Global influences * Job growth * Job openings * Labor supply * Potential advancement * Potential earnings * Salaries/benefits * Unemployment	D. Justify the selection of a career.
E. Explore how people prepare for careers.	E. Investigate people's rationale for making career choices.	E. Analyze the relationship of school subjects, extracurricular activities and community experiences to career preparation.	E. Analyze the relationship between career choices and career preparation opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * Associate degree * Baccalaureate degree * Certificate/licensure * Entrepreneurship * Immediate part/full time employment * Industry training * Military training * Professional degree * Registered apprenticeship * Tech Prep
F. Explain why education and training plans are important to careers.	F. Identify the components of a career plan, such as, but not limited to: * Beginnings of career portfolio * Career goals * Individual interests and abilities * Training/education requirements and costs	F. Create an individualized career plan including, such as, but not limited to: * Assessment and continued development of career portfolio * Career goals * Cluster/pathway opportunities * Individual interests and abilities * Training/education requirements and financing	F. Assess the implementation of the individualized career plan through the ongoing development of the career portfolio.

13.2. Career Acquisition (Getting a Job)
13.2.3. GRADE 3	13.2.5. GRADE 5	13.2.8. GRADE 8	13.2.11. GRADE 11
Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:
A. Identify appropriate speaking and listening techniques used in conversation.	A. Apply appropriate speaking and listening techniques used in conversation.	A. Identify effective speaking and listening skills used in a job interview.	A. Apply effective speaking and listening skills used in a job interview.
B. Discuss resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * Internet * Magazines * Newspapers	B. Identify and review resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * Internet * Magazines * Newspapers	B. Evaluate resources available in researching job opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * CareerLinks * Internet (i.e. O-NET) * Networking * Newspapers * Professional associations * Resource books (that is Occupational Outlook Handbook, PA Career Guide)	B. Apply research skills in searching for a job. * CareerLinks * Internet (that is O-NET) * Networking * Newspapers * Professional associations * Resource books (that is Occupational Outlook Handbook, PA Career Guide)
C. Compose a personal letter.	C. Compose and compare a business and a personal letter.	C. Prepare a draft of career acquisition documents, such as, but not limited to: * Job application * Letter of appreciation following an interview * Letter of introduction * Request for letter of recommendation * Resume	C. Develop and assemble, for career portfolio placement, career acquisition documents, such as, but not limited to: * Job application * Letter of appreciation following an interview * Letter of introduction * Postsecondary education/training applications * Request for letter of recommendation * Resume
D. Identify the importance of developing a plan for the future.	D. Identify individualized career portfolio components, such as, but not limited to: * Achievements * Awards/recognitions * Career exploration results * Career plans * Community service involvement/projects * Interests/hobbies * Personal career goals * Selected school work * Self inventories	D. Develop an individualized career portfolio including components, such as, but not limited to: * Achievements * Awards/recognitions * Career exploration results * Career plans * Community service involvement/projects * Interests/hobbies * Personal career goals * Selected school work * Self inventories	D. Analyze, revise, and apply an individualized career portfolio to chosen career path.
E. Discuss the importance of the essential workplace skills, such as, but not limited to: * Dependability * Health/safety * Team building * Technology	E. Apply to daily activities, the essential workplace skills, such as, but not limited to: * Commitment * Communication * Dependability * Health/safety * Personal initiative * Scheduling/time management * Team building * Technical literacy * Technology	E. Explain, in the career acquisition process, the importance of the essential workplace skills/knowledge, such as, but not limited to: * Commitment * Communication * Dependability * Health/safety * Laws and regulations (that is Child Labor Law, Fair Labor Standards Act, OSHA, Material Safety Data Sheets) * Personal initiative * Scheduling/time management * Team building * Technical literacy * Technology	E. Demonstrate, in the career acquisition process, the application of essential workplace skills/knowledge, such as, but not limited to: * Commitment * Communication * Dependability * Health/safety * Laws and regulations (that is Child Labor Law, Fair Labor Standards Act, OSHA, Material Safety Data Sheets) * Personal initiative * Scheduling/time management * Team building * Technical literacy * Technology

13.3. Career Retention and Advancement
13.3.3. GRADE 3	13.3.5. GRADE 5	13.3.8. GRADE 8	13.3.11. GRADE 11
Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:
A. Identify attitudes and work habits that contribute to success at home and school.	A. Explain how student attitudes and work habits transfer from the home and school to the workplace.	A. Determine attitudes and work habits that support career retention and advancement.	A. Evaluate personal attitudes and work habits that support career retention and advancement.
B. Identify how to cooperate at both home and school.	B. Explain the importance of working cooperatively with others at both home and school to complete a task.	B. Analyze the role of each participant's contribution in a team setting.	B. Evaluate team member roles to describe and illustrate active listening techniques: * Clarifying * Encouraging * Reflecting * Restating * Summarizing
C. Explain effective group interaction terms, such as, but not limited to: * Compliment * Cooperate * Encourage * Participate	C. Identify effective group interaction strategies, such as, but not limited to: * Building consensus * Communicating effectively * Establishing ground rules * Listening to others	C. Explain and demonstrate conflict resolution skills: * Constructive criticism * Group dynamics * Managing/leadership * Mediation * Negotiation * Problem solving	C. Evaluate conflict resolution skills as they relate to the workplace: * Constructive criticism * Group dynamics * Managing/leadership * Mediation * Negotiation * Problem solving
D. Explain how money is used.	D. Explain budgeting.	D. Analyze budgets and pay statements, such as, but not limited to: * Charitable contributions * Expenses * Gross pay * Net pay * Other income * Savings * Taxes	D. Develop a personal budget based on career choice, such as, but not limited to: * Charitable contributions * Fixed/variable expenses * Gross pay * Net pay * Other income * Savings * Taxes
E. Discuss how time is used at both home and school.	E. Develop a personal schedule based on activities and responsibilities at both home and school.	E. Identify and apply time management strategies as they relate to both personal and work situations.	E. Evaluate time management strategies and their application to both personal and work situations.
F. Identify changes that occur at both home and school.	F. Describe the impact of changes at home, school and work.	F. Identify characteristics of the changing workplace and explain their impact on jobs and employment.	F. Evaluate strategies for career retention and advancement in response to the changing global workplace.
G. Define and describe the importance of lifelong learning.	G. Describe how personal interests and abilities impact lifelong learning.	G. Identify formal and informal lifelong learning opportunities that support career retention and advancement.	G. Evaluate the impact of lifelong learning on career retention and advancement.

13.4. Entrepreneurship
13.4.3. GRADE 3	13.4.5. GRADE 5	13.4.8. GRADE 8	13.4.11. GRADE 11
Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:
A. Define entrepreneurship.	A. Identify the risks and rewards of entrepreneurship.	A. Compare and contrast entrepreneurship to traditional employment, such as, but not limited to: * Benefits * Job security * Operating costs * Wages	A. Analyze entrepreneurship as it relates to personal career goals and corporate opportunities.
B. Describe the character traits of successful entrepreneurs, such as, but not limited to: * Adaptability * Creative thinking * Ethical behavior * Leadership * Positive attitude * Risk-taking	B. Discuss the entrepreneurial character traits of historical or contemporary entrepreneurs.	B. Evaluate how entrepreneurial character traits influence career opportunities.	B. Analyze entrepreneurship as it relates to personal character traits.
C. Describe age-appropriate entrepreneurial opportunities, such as, but not limited to: * Bake sale * Crafts * Lemonade stand * Pet care	C. Discuss the steps entrepreneurs take to bring their goods or services to market, such as, but not limited to: * Marketing * Production * Research and development * Selection of goods and services	C. Identify and describe the basic components of a business plan, such as, but not limited to: * Business idea * Competitive analysis * Daily operations * Finances/budget * Marketing * Productive resources (human, capital, natural) * Sales forecasting	C. Develop a business plan for an entrepreneurial concept of personal interest and identify available resources, such as, but not limited to: * Community Based Organizations (that is chambers of commerce, trade/technical associations, Industrial Resource Centers) * Financial institutions * School-based career centers * Small Business Administration services (that is SCORE, Small Business Development Centers, Entrepreneurial Development Centers) * Venture capital

Aptitudes:	Capacity to learn and understand.
Associate degree:	A postsecondary degree typically earned within a 2-year time frame.
Baccalaureate degree:	A postsecondary degree, also known as a bachelor's degree, typically earned within a 4-year time frame from a college or university.
Benefits:	Something of value that an employee receives in addition to a wage or salary. Examples include health and life insurance, vacation leave, retirement plans, and the like.
Budget:	A financial plan that summarizes anticipated income and expenditures over a period of time.
Business plan:	A prepared document detailing the past, present, and future of an organization.
Career and technical centers:	Schools that educate secondary students and adults through academic instruction, job preparation and acquisition of occupational skills leading to credentials or employment, or both, in specific industries. The centers also provide opportunities for transition to postsecondary education and continuing education.
Career cluster:	A grouping of related occupations, which share similar skill sets.
Career days:	Special events that allow students to meet with employers, career development specialists, community-based organization representatives and postsecondary educators. Events are designed to encourage students to gain information about careers and job opportunities.
Career plan:	A document developed by the student that identifies a series of educational studies and experiences to prepare them for postsecondary education or work, or both, in a selected career cluster or area.
Career portfolio:	An ongoing, individualized collection of materials (electronic or hard copy) that documents a student's educational performance, career exploration and employment experiences over time. While there is no standard format that a career portfolio must take, it typically includes a range of work, containing assignments by the teacher/counselor and selections by the student. It serves as a guide for the student to transition to postsecondary education or the workplace, or both.
Career retention and advancement:	Career retention is the process of keeping a job. Career advancement is the process of performing the necessary requirements to progress in a career.
CareerLinks:	A cooperative system that provides one-stop delivery of career services to job seekers, employers and other interested individuals.
Certificate/licensure:	A document, issued by associations, employers, educational institutions, government, and the like, confirming that one has fulfilled the requirements and is able to perform to a specified level of proficiency within a career field.
Child Labor Laws:	Legislation governing the employment of children under 18 years of age.
Competitive analysis:	A tool that allows a business to identify its competitors and evaluate their respective strengths and weaknesses.
Cooperative education:	A structured method of instruction whereby students alternate or coordinate their high school studies with a job in a field related to their academic or career objectives.
Entrepreneurs:	Individuals who engage in the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business or enterprise.
Entrepreneurship:	The process of organizing, managing, and assuming the risks of a business or enterprise.
Fair Labor Standards Act:	A Federal law that defines overtime and wage requirements (26 U.S.C.A. §§ 201--219).
Fixed/variable expenses:	Fixed expenses are regular in their timing and amount, and include such things as rent, mortgage, car payment, and insurance. Variable expenses are irregular in their timing and amount, and include such things as food, clothing, home and car maintenance, entertainment and gifts.
Global influences:	Political and cultural changes, which impact the world and its economy.
Gross pay:	The amount earned before deductions, such as taxes, insurance and retirement/pension plan.
Industrial resource centers:	Nonprofit corporations, which provide assistance to improve the competitive position of small-to-medium sized manufacturers.
Internship:	A work experience with an employer for a specified period of time to learn about a particular industry or occupation, which may or may not include financial compensation. The workplace activities may include special projects, a sample of tasks from different jobs or tasks from a single occupation.
Job shadowing:	Typically as part of career exploration activities in late middle and early high school, a student follows an employee for one or more days to learn about a particular occupation or industry. Job shadowing is intended to help students explore a range of career objectives and to possibly select a career pathway.
Labor supply:	The number of persons either working or unemployed and actively seeking work.
Marketing:	The process or technique of promoting, selling, and distributing a product or service.
Material Safety Data Sheets:	Federally mandated listings of all hazardous materials that will impact the health and safety of the workers and that are required to be posted in the workplace.
Mediation:	Third-party intervention between conflicting parties to promote reconciliation, settlement or compromise.
Net pay:	The amount remaining after deductions, such as taxes, insurance and retirement/pension plan.
Networking:	The act of exchanging information, contacts and services.
Non-traditional careers:	Fields of work for which individuals from one gender comprise less than 25% of the individuals employed in those occupations or fields of work.
*ONET:**	Occupational Information Network--A free public access online web-based system provided by the United States Department of Labor, which includes comprehensive up-to-date occupational information including skills, knowledge, abilities and tasks for more than 950 occupations.
Operating costs:	The funds necessary to operate a business, not including the cost of goods sold. This is also referred to as overhead.
OSHA:	Occupational Safety and Health Administration--A National agency with representatives in each state who monitor health and safety issues in the workplace.
Professional associations:	Organizations of people having common interests.
Professional degree:	A title conferred on students by a college, university or professional school upon completion of a program of study.
Registered apprenticeship:	A formal program registered with the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training and with the Pennsylvania Apprenticeship Council. This program must follow strict guidelines as to the types of training and amount of training time an apprentice receives and leads directly into occupations requiring that training for entry.
Resume:	A summary of one's personal qualifications, education/training and employment experience.
Salaries/benefits:	Financial compensation paid regularly for services (See ''benefits'' for definition).
Sales forecasting:	Predicting the number of services or units likely to be sold over a specified period of time.
School-based career centers:	Specialized areas in schools equipped with resources and materials used to research postsecondary and occupational opportunities.
School-based enterprise:	The production of goods or services as part of a school program.
SCORE:	Service Corps of Retired Executives--A Small Business Administration Federally-sponsored program to assist small-to-medium sized companies.
Self inventories:	Evaluations of an individual's strengths, weaknesses and interests, as it relates to career planning.
Tech Prep:	The name given to programs that offer at least 4 years of sequential course work at the secondary and postsecondary levels to prepare students for technical careers. The curricula are designed to build student competency in academic subjects, as well as to provide broad technical preparation in a career area.
Technical literacy:	The ability of individuals to use existing and emerging technologies, equipment, language, materials and manuals to participate intelligently in performing tasks related to everyday life, school or job.
Time management strategies:	Scheduling techniques used to effectively and efficiently direct or control activities.
Traditional careers:	Fields of work for which individuals from one gender comprise more than 25% of the individuals employed in those occupations or fields of work.
Unemployment:	Measurement of the number of people who are not working and who are actively seeking work.
Venture capital:	Public or private funds invested in a potentially profitable business enterprise despite risk of loss.
Vocational rehabilitation centers:	Educational facilities that provide life skills and occupational training services for individuals with special needs.
Wages:	Payments of money for labor or services according to contract and on an hourly, daily or piecework basis.
Web-based training:	Instruction that is available online.
Work habits:	Acquired behaviors that individuals regularly perform in completing tasks related to chores, school or job.
Working conditions:	The environment in which an individual is employed.