CHAPTER 7. POST-TRIAL PROCEDURES IN COURT CASES
PART A. Sentencing Procedures
700. Sentencing Judge.
701. Pleas of Guilty to Multiple Offenses.
702. Aids in Imposing Sentence.
703. Disclosure of Pre-Sentence Reports.
704. Procedure at Time of Sentencing.
705. Imposition of Sentence.
705.1. Restitution.
706. Fines or Costs.
707. Documents Transmitted to Prison.
708. Violation of Probation, Intermediate Punishment, or Parole: Hearing and Disposition.
PART B. Post-Sentence Procedures
720. Post-Sentence Procedures; Appeal.
721. Procedures for Commonwealth Challenges to Sentencing; Sentencing Appeals.
722. [Rescinded].
771. Disposition Report to the Department of Transportation.
PART C. Court Case Expungement Procedures
790. Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Court Cases; Expungement Order.
790.2. Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Court Cases; Expungement Order.
791. Procedure for Obtaining Order for Limited Access in Court Cases; Order for Limited Access.
PART A. Sentencing Procedures
Rule 700. Sentencing Judge.
(A) Except as provided in paragraph (B), the judge who presided at the trial or who received the plea of guilty or nolo contendere shall impose sentence unless there are extraordinary circumstances which preclude the judge’s presence. In such event, another judge shall be assigned to impose sentence.
(B) A court may provide by local rule that sentence on a plea of guilty or nolo contendere may be imposed by a judge other than the judge who received a plea of guilty or nolo contendere. In such event, the defendant must be so notified at the time of entering the plea.
Comment Generally, the president judge makes assignment of judges. However, in one-judge judicial districts, or in instances in which the president judge is the one whose presence at sentencing is precluded, an appropriate assigning authority, such as the Supreme Court or the Court Administrator of Pennsylvania, should assign a new judge.
It is always desirable that the judge who accepts a plea of guilty or nolo contendere should impose sentence. It is recognized, however, that the rotation practices of many courts make it difficult in many instances for the same judge to sit in both capacities. For that reason, paragraph (B) provides that a court may set up an alternate procedure by local rule. In any event, the judge who imposes the sentence should ascertain the facts concerning the plea and the offense. See ABA Standards on Sentencing Alternatives and Procedures Section 5.1.
Official Note
Rule 1401 adopted July 23, 1973, effective October 23, 1973; amended June 30, 1975, effective September 28, 1975; renumbered Rule 700 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1477 (March 18, 2000).
Rule 701. Pleas of Guilty to Multiple Offenses.
(A) Before the imposition of sentence, the defendant may plead guilty to other offenses that the defendant committed within the jurisdiction of the sentencing court.
(B) When such pleas are accepted, the court shall sentence the defendant for all the offenses.
Comment The objective of this rule is to enable the court to sentence the defendant on all outstanding charges within the jurisdiction of the sentencing court at one time.
This rule applies when a defendant is to be sentenced following a finding that the defendant violated probation or intermediate punishment, or when a defendant is to be recommitted following a finding that the defendant violated parole. See Rule 708(D) for the sentencing procedures in probation, intermediate punishment, or parole violation cases.
When a defendant is permitted to plead guilty to multiple offenses as provided in paragraph (A), if any of the other offenses involves a victim, the sentencing proceeding must be delayed to afford the Commonwealth adequate time to contact the victim(s), and to give the victim(s) an opportunity to offer prior comment on the sentencing or to submit a written and oral victim impact statement. See the Crime Victims Act, 18 P.S. § 11.201(5).
Official Note
Rule 1402 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; renumbered Rule 701 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 15, 2013 revision of the Comment concerning probation violation cases and the Crime Victims Act published with the Court’s Order at 43 Pa.B. 1705 (March 30, 2013).
Source The provisions of this Rule 701 amended March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 1702. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (353012).
Rule 702. Aids in Imposing Sentence.
(A) PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION REPORT.
(1) The sentencing judge may, in the judge’s discretion, order a pre-sentence investigation report in any case.
(2) The sentencing judge shall place on the record the reasons for dispensing with the pre-sentence investigation report if the judge fails to order a pre-sentence report in any of the following instances:
(a) when incarceration for one year or more is a possible disposition under the applicable sentencing statutes;
(b) when the defendant is less than 21 years old at the time of conviction or entry of a plea of guilty; or
(c) when a defendant is a first offender in that he or she has not heretofore been sentenced as an adult.
(3) The pre-sentence investigation report shall include information regarding the circumstances of the offense and the character of the defendant sufficient to assist the judge in determining sentence.
(4) The pre-sentence investigation report shall also include a victim impact statement as provided by law.
(B) PSYCHIATRIC OR PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION.
After a finding of guilt and before the imposition of sentence, after notice to counsel for both parties, the sentencing judge may, as provided by law, order the defendant to undergo a psychiatric or psychological examination. For this purpose the defendant may be remanded to any available clinic, hospital, institution, or state correctional diagnostic and classification center for a period not exceeding 60 days.
Comment For purposes of paragraph (A)(2)(c), whether the defendant has a prior juvenile adjudication is immaterial. Paragraph (A)(3) indicates in general terms what the contents of the pre-sentence investigation report must include. With respect to the particularized contents of such reports, see Commonwealth v. Martin, 351 A.2d 650 (Pa. 1976). Concerning other information that would be helpful for the sentencing judge to have in the pre-sentence investigation report, see 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(2)(iv) (the judge, when determining the amount of restitution, must consider ‘‘any other preexisting orders imposed on the defendant, including, but not limited to, orders imposed under this title or any other title’’).
For the victim’s right to have information included in the pre-sentence report concerning the impact of the crime on the victim, as provided in paragraph (A)(4), see 71 P. S. § 180-9.3.
A psychiatric or psychological examination may be ordered on an outpatient or inpatient basis as provided by law. See 50 P. S. § 7405. Because the 1976 Mental Health Procedures Act excludes issues related to mental retardation, 50 P. S. § 7502, see also the Mental Health and Mental Retardation Act of 1966, 50 P. S. § 4101 et seq.
When an incarcerated defendant has undergone any period of voluntary or involuntary confinement for the purpose of examination pursuant to this rule, credit for the period of confinement should be given toward the sentence ultimately imposed. See, e.g., 50 P. S. § § 7401(b) and 7407(f).
Additional pre-sentence procedures may be required by statute. For example, see 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9791—9799.5 (concerning persons convicted of sexually violent offenses) for pre-sentence assessment and hearing procedures. See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(c) for hearing to determine high risk dangerous offender status.
Under the provisions of Rule 703 (Disclosure of Pre-Sentence Reports), full disclosure of reports to defense counsel and the Commonwealth is required. See Rule 703(A)(2). Reports may also be disclosed under Rule 703 to other designated persons or agencies, unless the sentencing judge otherwise orders. See Rule 703(C), (D), and (E).
Official Note
Rule 1403 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; amended June 28, 1976, effective January 1, 1977; amended November 1, 1991, effective January 1, 1992; amended March 22, 1993, effective January 1, 1994; Comment revised April 18, 1997, effective immediately; renumbered Rule 702 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 27, 2003, effective July 1, 2003.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Report explaining the January 1, 1992 amendments published at 20 Pa.B. 1697 (March 24, 1990); Supplemental Report published with the Court’s Order at 21 Pa.B. 5329 (November 16, 1991).
Final Report explaining the March 22, 1993 amendments published with the Court’s Order at 23 Pa.B. 1699 (April 10, 1993).
Report explaining the April 18, 1997 Comment revision published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 2122 (May 3, 1997).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1477 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 27, 2003 Comment revision adding a cross-reference to 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106 published with the Court’s Order at 33 Pa.B. 1928 (April 19, 2003).
Source The provisions of this Rule 702 amended March 27, 2003, effective July 1, 2003, 33 Pa.B. 1927. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (264336) to (264337).
Rule 703. Disclosure of Pre-Sentence Reports.
(A) All pre-sentence reports and related psychiatric and psychological reports shall be confidential, and not of public record. They shall be available to the sentencing judge, and to:
(1) An examining professional or facility appointed to assist the court in sentencing, unless the sentencing judge otherwise orders;
(2) the attorney for the Commonwealth and counsel for the defendant, for inspection and copying, unless the sentencing judge orders that they be available for inspection only.
(B) If the defendant or the Commonwealth alleges any factual inaccuracy in a report under this rule, the sentencing judge shall, as to each inaccuracy found, order that the report be corrected accordingly.
(C) After sentencing, unless the sentencing judge otherwise orders, and subject to the provisions of paragraph (B), psychiatric, psychological, and pre-sentence reports shall also be available to:
(1) correctional institutions housing the defendant; and
(2) departments of probation or parole supervising the defendant; and
(3) departments of probation or parole preparing a pre-sentence investigation report regarding the defendant.
The reports shall continue to be confidential and not of public record.
(D) On the order of the sentencing judge, a psychiatric, psychological, or pre-sentence investigation report may be made available to any other person or agency having a legitimate professional interest in the disposition of the case.
(E) The sentencing judge may at any time impose further conditions of confidentiality on a person or agency receiving a report under paragraphs (C) or (D) of this rule.
Comment This rule facilitates the sentencing process by permitting disclosure of reports not only to counsel and those persons appointed to assist the court in sentencing, but also to those charged with effecting the sentence imposed—correctional institutions and departments of probation and parole. See also Rule 702.
The persons, agencies, and institutions enumerated in paragraphs (A) and (C) would ordinarily be given access to the confidential reports encompassed by this rule. A court order is not necessary. Under paragraphs (C)(1) and (2), it is intended that out-of-state correctional facilities and parole boards would also have access to such reports, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (B) and (C).
The disclosure provisions contained in paragraph (A)(2) and paragraph (B) are not intended to encourage formal litigation over confidential reports, but should avoid such litigation by affording counsel for both parties full disclosure of reports and the opportunity to point out any inaccuracies before the judge imposes sentence. Disclosure under paragraph (A)(2) should be made in sufficient time for counsel to prepare for the sentencing hearing. See Rule 704.
Although it is not necessary for a probation officer to make a sentencing recommendation, if one is made, it should be disclosed to defense counsel. See Commonwealth v. Bastone, 467 A.2d 1339 (Pa. Super. 1983).
Paragraph (B) is intended to insure that reports considered by the sentencing judge and disclosed after sentencing are factually accurate, particularly in light of the reliance placed on the information contained in reports by correctional facilities and probation and parole departments. Although paragraph (B) addresses inaccuracies alleged by the defendant or the Commonwealth, the section is not intended to preclude the sentencing judge from finding and correcting an inaccuracy sua sponte.
This rule requires full disclosure to those persons and facilities listed in paragraph (A). Under paragraphs (C), (D), and (E), however, the sentencing judge retains the discretion to withhold confidential reports or to impose special conditions of confidentiality at any time.
When a psychiatric, psychological, or pre-sentence investigation report is relevant to a sentencing issue, the report should be sealed to preserve its confidentiality, and made part of the record for review.
Official Note
Former Rule 1404 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; amended December 14, 1979, effective April 1, 1980; rescinded November 1, 1991, effective January 1, 1992. Present Rule 1404 adopted November 1, 1991, effective January 1, 1992; renumbered Rule 703 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Report explaining the January 1, 1992 amendments published at 20 Pa.B. 1697 (March 24, 1990); Supplemental Report published with the Court’s Order at 21 Pa.B. 5329 (November 16, 1991).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1477 (March 18, 2000).
Rule 704. Procedure at Time of Sentencing.
(A) TIME FOR SENTENCING.
(1) Except as provided by Rule 702(B), sentence in a court case shall ordinarily be imposed within 90 days of conviction or the entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.
(2) When the date for sentencing in a court case must be delayed, for good cause shown, beyond the time limits set forth in this rule, the judge shall include in the record the specific time period for the extension.
(3) In a summary case appeal, sentence shall be imposed immediately following a determination of guilt at a trial de novo in the court of common pleas.
(B) ORAL MOTION FOR EXTRAORDINARY RELIEF.
(1) Under extraordinary circumstances, when the interests of justice require, the trial judge may, before sentencing, hear an oral motion in arrest of judgment, for a judgment of acquittal, or for a new trial.
(2) The judge shall decide a motion for extraordinary relief before imposing sentence, and shall not delay the sentencing proceeding in order to decide it.
(3) A motion for extraordinary relief shall have no effect on the preservation or waiver of issues for post-sentence consideration or appeal.
(C) SENTENCING PROCEEDING.
(1) At the time of sentencing, the judge shall afford the defendant the opportunity to make a statement in his or her behalf and shall afford counsel for both parties the opportunity to present information and argument relative to sentencing.
(2) The judge shall state on the record the reasons for the sentence imposed.
(3) The judge shall determine on the record that the defendant has been advised of the following:
(a) of the right to file a post-sentence motion and to appeal, of the time within which the defendant must exercise those rights, and of the right to assistance of counsel in the preparation of the motion and appeal;
(b) of the rights,
(i) if the defendant is indigent, to proceed in forma pauperis and to proceed with appointed counsel as provided in Rule 122, or,
(ii) if represented by retained counsel, to proceed with retained counsel unless the court has granted leave for counsel to withdraw pursuant to Rule 120(B);
(c) of the time limits within which post-sentence motions must be decided;
(d) that issues raised before or during trial shall be deemed preserved for appeal whether or not the defendant elects to file a post-sentence motion; and
(e) of the defendant’s qualified right to bail under Rule 521(B).
(4) The judge shall require that a record of the sentencing proceedings be made and preserved so that it can be transcribed as needed. The record shall include:
(a) the record of any stipulation made at a pre-sentence conference; and
(b) a verbatim account of the entire sentencing proceeding.
Comment The rule is intended to promote prompt and fair sentencing procedures by providing reasonable time limits for those procedures, and by requiring that the defendant be fully informed of his or her post-sentence rights and the procedural requirements which must be met to preserve those rights.
Rule 708 (Violation of Probation, Intermediate Punishment, or Parole: Hearing and Disposition) governs sentencing procedures after a revocation of probation, intermediate punishment, or parole.
TIME FOR SENTENCING
As a general rule, the date for sentencing should be scheduled at the time of conviction or the entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.
Under paragraph (A)(1), sentence should be imposed within 90 days of conviction or the entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, unless the court orders a psychiatric or psychological examination pursuant to Rule 702(B). Such an order should extend the time for sentencing for only as much time as is reasonably required, but in no event should sentencing be extended for more than 30 days beyond the original 90-day limit. In summary appeal cases, however, sentence must be imposed immediately at the conclusion of the de novo trial.
Paragraph (A)(2) is not intended to sanction pro forma requests for continuances. Rather, it permits the judge to extend the time limit for sentencing under extraordinary circumstances only. For example, additional pre-sentence procedures may be required by statute. See 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9799.11—9799.41 for pre-sentence assessment and hearing procedures for persons convicted of sexually violent offenses.
Because such extensions are intended to be the exception rather than the rule, the extension must be for a specific time period, and the judge must include in the record the length of the extension. A hearing need not be held before an extension can be granted. Once a specific extension has been granted, however, some provision should be made to monitor the extended time period to insure prompt sentencing when the extension period expires.
Failure to sentence within the time specified in paragraph (A) may result in the discharge of the defendant. See Commonwealth v. Anders, 725 A.2d 170 (Pa. 1999) (discharge is appropriate remedy for violation of Rule 704 time limits, but only if the defendant can demonstrate that the delay in sentencing was prejudicial to the defendant).
ORAL MOTION FOR EXTRAORDINARY RELIEF
Under paragraph (B), when there has been an error in the proceedings that would clearly result in the judge’s granting relief post-sentence, the judge should grant a motion for extraordinary relief before sentencing occurs. Although trial errors may be serious and the issues addressing those errors meritorious, this rule is intended to allow the trial judge the opportunity to address only those errors so manifest that immediate relief is essential. It would be appropriate for counsel to move for extraordinary relief, for example, when there has been a change in case law, or, in a multiple count case, when the judge would probably grant a motion in arrest of judgment on some of the counts post-sentence. Although these examples are not all-inclusive, they illustrate the basic purpose of the rule: when there has been an egregious error in the proceedings, the interests of justice are best served by deciding that issue before sentence is imposed. Because the relief provided by this section is extraordinary, boilerplate motions for extraordinary relief should be summarily denied.
Under paragraph (B)(2), the motion must be decided before sentence is imposed, and sentencing may not be postponed in order to dispose of the motion. The judge may summarily deny the motion or decide it on the merits.
Paragraph (B)(3) is intended to make it clear that a motion for extraordinary relief is neither necessary nor sufficient to preserve an issue for appeal. The failure to make a motion for extraordinary relief, or the failure to raise a particular issue in such a motion, does not constitute a waiver of any issue. Conversely, the making of a motion for extraordinary relief does not, of itself, preserve any issue raised in the motion, nor does the judge’s denial of the motion preserve any issue.
SENTENCING PROCEDURES
Paragraph (C)(1) retains the former requirement that the judge afford the defendant an opportunity to make a statement and counsel the opportunity to present information and argument relative to sentencing. The defendant’s right to allocution at sentencing is well established, and the trial judge must inform the defendant of that right. See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 553 A.2d 918 (Pa. 1989).
The duty of the judge to explain to the defendant the rights set forth in paragraph (C)(3) is discussed in Commonwealth v. Wilson, 241 A.2d 760, 763 (Pa. 1968), and Commonwealth v. Stewart, 241 A.2d 764, 765 (Pa. 1968).
The judge should explain to the defendant, as clearly as possible, the timing requirements for making and deciding a post-sentence motion under Rule 720. The judge should also explain that the defendant may choose whether to file a post-sentence motion and appeal after the decision on the motion, or to pursue an appeal without first filing a post-sentence motion.
Paragraph (C)(3) requires the judge to ensure the defendant is advised of his or her rights concerning post-sentence motions and appeal, and the right to proceed with counsel. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Librizzi, 810 A.2d 692 (Pa. Super. 2002).
The rule permits the use of a written colloquy that is read, completed, signed by the defendant, and made part of the record of the sentencing proceeding. This written colloquy must be supplemented by an on-the-record oral examination to determine that the defendant has been advised of the applicable rights enumerated in paragraph (C)(3) and that the defendant has signed the form.
Other, additional procedures are required by statute. See, e.g., 42 Pa.C.S. § 9756(b)(3) that imposes requirements on the judge when a defendant may be eligible to participate in a re-entry plan and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9756(b.1) that imposes requirements on the judge when a defendant may be eligible for a recidivism risk reduction incentive (RRRI) minimum sentence; 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.23 that requires the judge to inform certain offenders of the duty to register; and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9813 that imposes requirements on the judge when a defendant may be eligible for work release.
After sentencing, following a conviction in a trial de novo in a summary case, the judge should advise the defendant of the right to appeal and the time limits within which to exercise that right, the right to proceed in forma pauperis and with appointed counsel to the extent provided in Rule 122(A), and of the qualified right to bail under Rule 521(B). See paragraphs (C)(3)(a), (b), and (e). See also Rule 720(D) (no post-sentence motion after a trial de novo).
After sentencing, the judge should inquire whether the defendant intends to file a post-sentence motion or to appeal, and if so, should determine the defendant’s bail status pursuant to paragraph (C)(3)(e) and Rule 521. It is recommended, when a state sentence has been imposed, that the judge permit a defendant who cannot make bail to remain incarcerated locally, at least for the 10-day period during which counsel may file the post-sentence motion. When new counsel has been appointed or entered an appearance for the purpose of pursuing a post-sentence motion or appeal, the judge should consider permitting the defendant to remain incarcerated locally for a longer period to allow new counsel time to confer with the defendant and become familiar with the case. See also Rule 120 (Attorneys—Appearances and Withdrawals).
It is difficult to set forth all the standards that a judge must utilize and consider in imposing sentence. It is recommended that, at a minimum, the judge look to the standards and guidelines as specified by statutory law. See the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9701 et seq. See also Commonwealth v. Riggins, 377 A.2d 140 (Pa. 1977) and Commonwealth v. Devers, 546 A.2d 12 (Pa. 1988). The judge also should consider other preexisting orders imposed on the defendant. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(2)(iv). And see 42 Pa.C.S. § 9728.
For procedures in cases in which restitution is imposed, see Rule 705.1.
For the right of a victim to have information included in the pre-sentence investigation report concerning the impact of the crime upon him or her, see 18 P.S. § 11.201(4)—(5) and Rule 702(A)(4).
For the duty of the sentencing judge to state on the record the reasons for the sentence imposed, see Commonwealth v. Riggins, 377 A.2d 140 (Pa. 1977) and Commonwealth v. Devers, 546 A.2d 12 (Pa. 1988). If the sentence initially imposed is modified pursuant to Rule 720(B)(1)(a)(v), the sentencing judge should ensure that the reasons for the ultimate sentence appear on the record. See also Sentencing Guidelines, 204 PA. CODE § § 303.1(d)—(e) and 303.13(c).
In cases in which a mandatory sentence is provided by law, when the judge decides not to impose a sentence greater than the mandatory sentence, regardless of the number of charges on which the defendant could be sentenced consecutively, and when no psychiatric or psychological examination is required under Rule 702(B), the judge may immediately impose that sentence. But see Rule 702(A)(2), which requires that the court state on the record the reasons for dispensing with a pre-sentence report under the circumstances enumerated therein. See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721 et seq.
No later than 30 days after the date of sentencing, a Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing Guideline Sentence Form must be completed at the judge’s direction and made a part of the record. In addition, a copy of the form must be forwarded to the Commission on Sentencing. 204 PA. CODE § 303.1(e).
With respect to the recording and transcribing of court proceedings, including sentencing, see Rule 115.
Official Note
Previous Rule 1405 approved July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; Comment amended June 30, 1975, effective immediately; Comment amended and paragraphs (c) and (d) added June 29, 1977, effective September 1, 1977; amended May 22, 1978, effective as to cases in which sentence is imposed on or after July 1, 1978; Comment amended April 24, 1981, effective July 1, 1981; Comment amended November 1, 1991, effective January 1, 1992; rescinded March 22, 1993, effective as to cases in which the determination of guilt occurs on or after January 1, 1994, and replaced by present Rule 1405. Present Rule 1405 adopted March 22, 1993, effective as to cases in which the determination of guilt occurs on or after January 1, 1994; amended January 3, 1995, effective immediately; amended September 13, 1995, effective January 1, 1996. The January 1, 1996 effective date extended to April 1, 1996. Comment revised December 22, 1995, effective February 1, 1996. The April 1, 1996 effective date extended to July 1, 1996. Comment revised September 26, 1996, effective January 1, 1997; Comment revised April 18, 1997, effective immediately; Comment revised January 9, 1998, effective immediately; amended July 15, 1999, effective January 1, 2000; renumbered Rule 704 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 27, 2003, effective July 1, 2003; amended April 28, 2005, effective August 1, 2005; Comment revised March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013; Comment revised March 9, 2016, effective July 1, 2016.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the provisions of the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 23 Pa.B. 1699 (April 10, 1993).
Report explaining the 1995 amendment to paragraph (C)(3) published with the Court’s Order at 25 Pa.B. 236 (January 21, 1995).
Final Report explaining the September 13, 1995 amendments concerning bail published with the Court’s Order at 25 Pa.B. 4116 (September 30, 1995).
Final Report explaining the December 22, 1995 Comment revision on restitution published with the Court’s Order at 26 Pa.B. 13 (January 6, 1996).
Final Report explaining the September 26, 1996 Comment revision on Rule 1409 procedures published with the Court’s Order at 26 Pa.B. 4900 (October 12, 1996).
Final Report explaining the April 18, 1997 Comment revisions published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 2122 (May 3, 1997).
Final Report explaining the January 9, 1998 Comment revisions concerning Guideline Sentence Forms, and summary case appeal notice, published with the Court’s Order at 28 Pa.B. 481 (January 31, 1998).
Final Report explaining the July 15, 1999 amendments concerning the time for sentencing published with the Court’s Order at 29 Pa.B. 4059 (July 31, 1999).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 27, 2003 Comment revision adding cross-references to 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106 and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9728 published with the Court’s Order at 33 Pa.B. 1928 (April 19, 2003).
Final Report explaining the April 28, 2005 amendments to paragraph (C)(3)(b) concerning retained counsel’s obligations published with the Court’s Order at 35 Pa.B. 2859 (May 14, 2005).
Final Report explaining the March 15, 2013 revision of the Comment adding citations to the Sentencing Code published with the Court’s Order at 43 Pa.B. 1705 (March 30, 2013).
Final Report explaining the March 9, 2016 revision of the Comment adding a cross-reference to Rule 705.1 concerning restitution published with the Court’s Order at 46 Pa.B. 1540 (March 26, 2016).
Source The provisions of this Rule 704 amended March 27, 2003, effective July 1, 2003, 33 Pa.B. 1927; amended April 28, 2005, effective August 1, 2005, 35 Pa.B. 2855; amended March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 1702; amended March 9, 2016, effective July 1, 2016, 46 Pa.B. 1532. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (366232) to (366236).
Rule 705. Imposition of Sentence.
(A) When imposing a sentence to imprisonment, the judge shall state the date the sentence is to commence.
(B) When more than one sentence is imposed at the same time on a defendant, or when a sentence is imposed on a defendant who is sentenced for another offense, the judge shall state whether the sentences shall run concurrently or consecutively. If the sentence is to run concurrently, the sentence shall commence from the date of imposition unless otherwise ordered by the judge.
Comment This rule was amended in 1996 to eliminate language that created a presumption that certain sentences run concurrently unless the judge states otherwise, and by deleting former paragraph (b) as unnecessary. The rule now requires the judge to state whether sentences run concurrently or consecutively.
The 2005 amendments adding new paragraph (A) and adding language to paragraph (B) clarify the procedures for determining the date of commencement of sentences of imprisonment.
The computation of sentences and credit for time served also are addressed in the Sentencing Code. See 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9760 and 9761.
Official Note
Rule 1406 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; amended March 21, 1975, effective March 31, 1975; amended November 7, 1996, effective January 1, 1997; renumbered Rule 705 and Comment revised March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; amended May 18, 2005, effective August 1, 2005.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the November 7, 1996 amendments published with the Court’s Order at 26 Pa.B. 5694 (November 23, 1996).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the amendments concerning date of commencement of sentence published with the Court’s Order at 35 Pa.B. 3218 (June 4, 2005).
Source The provisions of this Rule 705 amended May 18, 2005, effective August 1, 2005, 35 Pa.B. 3217. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (311416).
Rule 705.1. Restitution.
(A) At the time of sentencing, the judge shall determine what restitution, if any, shall be imposed.
(B) In any case in which restitution is imposed, the judge shall state in the sentencing order:
(1) the amount of restitution ordered;
(2) the details of a payment plan, if any, including when payment is to begin;
(3) the identity of the payee(s);
(4) to which officer or agency the restitution payment shall be made;
(5) whether any restitution has been paid and in what amount; and
(6) whether the restitution has been imposed as a part of the sentence and/or as a condition of probation.
Comment This rule provides the procedures for the statutory requirement for the judge to impose restitution. In all cases in which restitution is imposed, the sentencing judge must state on the record the amount of restitution at the time of sentencing. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106 and 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9721, 9728.
The extent of restitution also may be provided by statute. See, e.g., 18 Pa.C.S. § 1107 (restitution for timber theft); § 1107.1 (restitution for identity theft); and § 1110 (restitution for cleanup of clandestine labs).
When imposing restitution, the sentencing judge should consider whether the defendant has received notice of the intention to seek restitution prior to the hearing and whether the defendant intends to object to the imposition of restitution. The sentencing hearing may need to be continued as a result.
Paragraph (B)(6) requires that the sentencing order make clear whether any restitution is being imposed as a part of the sentence pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106 or as a condition of probation pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754. Unlike restitution imposed under § 1106 that is penal in nature, restitution imposed as a condition of probation is primarily aimed at rehabilitation. Sentences of probation give a trial court the flexibility to determine all the direct and indirect damages caused by a defendant. Commonwealth v. Harner, 617 A.2d 702 (Pa. 1992); Commonwealth v. Hall, 80 A.3d 1204 (Pa. 2013). Because a term of probation may not exceed the maximum term for which the defendant could be confined, and a court cannot enforce a restitution sentence past the statutory maximum date, a court may not require that restitution imposed as a condition of probation be paid beyond the statutory maximum date. Commonwealth v. Karth, 994 A.2d 606 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Certain costs are mandatory and must be imposed. See, e.g., Section 1101 of the Crime Victims Act, 18 P.S. § 11.1101.
Official Note
New Rule 705.1 adopted March 9, 2016, effective July 1, 2016.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining new Rule 705.1 concerning sentences of restitution published with the Court’s Order at 46 Pa.B. 1540 (March 26, 2016).
Source The provisions of this Rule 705.1 adopted March 9, 2016, effective July 1, 2016, 46 Pa.B. 1532.
Rule 706. Fines or Costs.
(A) A court shall not commit the defendant to prison for failure to pay a fine or costs unless it appears after hearing that the defendant is financially able to pay the fine or costs.
(B) When the court determines, after hearing, that the defendant is without the financial means to pay the fine or costs immediately or in a single remittance, the court may provide for payment of the fines or costs in such installments and over such period of time as it deems to be just and practicable, taking into account the financial resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden its payments will impose, as set forth in paragraph (D) below.
(C) The court, in determining the amount and method of payment of a fine or costs shall, insofar as is just and practicable, consider the burden upon the defendant by reason of the defendant’s financial means, including the defendant’s ability to make restitution or reparations.
(D) In cases in which the court has ordered payment of a fine or costs in installments, the defendant may request a rehearing on the payment schedule when the defendant is in default of a payment or when the defendant advises the court that such default is imminent. At such hearing, the burden shall be on the defendant to prove that his or her financial condition has deteriorated to the extent that the defendant is without the means to meet the payment schedule. Thereupon the court may extend or accelerate the payment schedule or leave it unaltered, as the court finds to be just and practicable under the circumstances of record. When there has been default and the court finds the defendant is not indigent, the court may impose imprisonment as provided by law for nonpayment.
Comment See generally Commonwealth ex rel. Benedict v. Cliff, 451 Pa. 427, 304 A.2d 158 (1973).
Under this rule, when a defendant fails to pay the fine and costs, the common pleas court judge may issue a bench warrant for the collection of the fine and costs. When a ‘‘failure to pay’’ bench warrant is issued, the bench warrant must be executed by a police officer following the procedures set forth in Rule 431(C)(1)(c) and (C)(2), or, if the defendant is unable to pay, the police officer must proceed as provided in Rule 150 (Bench Warrants).
Nothing in this rule is intended to abridge any rights the Commonwealth may have in a civil proceeding to collect a fine or costs.
For suspension of Acts of Assembly, see Rule 1101(F).
Official Note
Rule 1407 approved July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; renumbered Rule 706 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 9, 2006, effective August 1, 2006.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 9, 2006 Comment revision concerning fine and cost warrants published with the Court’s Order at 36 Pa.B. 1396 (March 25, 2006).
Source The provisions of this Rule 706 amended March 9, 2006, effective August 1, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 1396. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (311772) to (311773).
Rule 707. Documents Transmitted to Prison.
When a defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years or more, a copy of each of the following shall be delivered to the person in charge of the correctional facility to which the defendant is committed at the time the defendant is delivered thereto:
(1) any available pre-sentence investigation report;
(2) any report by a state correctional diagnostic and classification center; and
(3) any medical, psychiatric, or social agency report used by the sentencing judge in imposing sentence or by a probation department or state correctional diagnostic and classification center in compiling a report to the sentencing judge.
Comment It is intended that the confidentiality of such reports remain as secure after they have been delivered pursuant to this rule as at any previous stage. Cf. Rule 703.
See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 9764(b) that requires the court within 10 days of sentencing to provide specified information to the county correctional facility.
Official Note
Rule 1408 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; renumbered Rule 707 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 15, 2013 revision of the Comment adding citations to the Sentencing Code published with the Court’s Order at 43 Pa.B. 1705 (March 30, 2013).
Source The provisions of this Rule 707 amended March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 1702. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (287563).
Rule 708. Violation of Probation, Intermediate Punishment, or Parole: Hearing and Disposition.
(A) A written request for revocation shall be filed with the clerk of courts.
(B) Whenever a defendant has been sentenced to probation or intermediate punishment, or placed on parole, the judge shall not revoke such probation, intermediate punishment, or parole as allowed by law unless there has been:
(1) a hearing held as speedily as possible at which the defendant is present and represented by counsel; and
(2) a finding of record that the defendant violated a condition of probation, intermediate punishment, or parole.
(C) Before the imposition of sentence,
(1) the defendant may plead guilty to other offenses that the defendant committed within the jurisdiction of the sentencing court.
(2) When such pleas are accepted, the court shall sentence the defendant for all the offenses.
(D) Sentencing Procedures
(1) At the time of sentencing, the judge shall afford the defendant the opportunity to make a statement in his or her behalf and shall afford counsel for both parties the opportunity to present information and argument relative to sentencing.
(2) The judge shall state on the record the reasons for the sentence imposed.
(3) The judge shall advise the defendant on the record:
(a) of the right to file a motion to modify sentence and to appeal, of the time within which the defendant must exercise those rights, and of the right to assistance of counsel in the preparation of the motion and appeal; and
(b) of the rights, if the defendant is indigent, to proceed in forma pauperis and to proceed with assigned counsel as provided in Rule 122.
(4) The judge shall require that a record of the sentencing proceeding be made and preserved so that it can be transcribed as needed. The record shall include:
(a) the record of any stipulation made at a pre-sentence conference; and
(b) a verbatim account of the entire sentencing proceeding.
(E) Motion to Modify Sentence
A motion to modify a sentence imposed after a revocation shall be filed within 10 days of the date of imposition. The filing of a motion to modify sentence will not toll the 30-day appeal period.
Comment This rule addresses Gagnon II revocation hearings only, and not the procedures for determining probable cause (Gagnon I). See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U. S. 778 (1973).
Paragraph (A) requires that the Gagnon II proceeding be initiated by a written request for revocation filed with the clerk of courts.
The judge may not revoke probation or parole on arrest alone, but only upon a finding of a violation thereof after a hearing, as provided in this rule. However, the judge need not wait for disposition of new criminal charges to hold such hearing. See Commonwealth v. Kates, 452 Pa. 102, 305 A.2d 701 (1973).
This rule does not govern parole cases under the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, but applies only to the defendants who can be paroled by a judge. See 61 P. S. § 314. See also Georgevich v. Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, 510 Pa. 285, 507 A.2d 812 (1986).
This rule was amended in 1996 to include sentences of intermediate punishment. See 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9763 and 9773. Rules 704, 720, and 721 do not apply to revocation cases.
The objective of the procedures enumerated in paragraph (C) is to enable the court to sentence the defendant on all outstanding charges within the jurisdiction of the sentencing court at one time. See Rule 701.
When a defendant is permitted to plead guilty to multiple offenses as provided in paragraph (C), if any of the other offenses involves a victim, the sentencing proceeding must be delayed to afford the Commonwealth adequate time to contact the victim(s), and to give the victim(s) an opportunity to offer prior comment on the sentencing or to submit a written and oral victim impact statement. See the Crime Victims Act, 18 P. S. § 11.201(5).
Issues properly preserved at the sentencing proceeding need not, but may, be raised again in a motion to modify sentence in order to preserve them for appeal. In deciding whether to move to modify sentence, counsel must carefully consider whether the record created at the sentencing proceeding is adequate for appellate review of the issues, or the issues may be waived. See Commonwealth v. Jarvis, 444 Pa. Super. 295, 663 A.2d 790, 791-2, n.1 (1995). As a general rule, the motion to modify sentence under paragraph (E) gives the sentencing judge the earliest opportunity to modify the sentence. This procedure does not affect the court’s inherent powers to correct an illegal sentence or obvious and patent mistakes in its orders at any time before appeal or upon remand by the appellate court. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Jones, 520 Pa. 385, 554 A.2d 50 (1989) (sentencing court can, sua sponte, correct an illegal sentence even after the defendant has begun serving the original sentence) and Commonwealth v. Cole, 437 Pa. 288, 263 A.2d 339 (1970) (inherent power of the court to correct obvious and patent mistakes).
Under this rule, the mere filing of a motion to modify sentence does not affect the running of the 30-day period for filing a timely notice of appeal. Any appeal must be filed within the 30-day appeal period unless the sentencing judge within 30 days of the imposition of sentence expressly grants reconsideration or vacates the sentence. See Commonwealth v. Coleman, 721 A.2d 798, 799, fn.2 (Pa. Super. 1998). See also Pa.R.A.P. 1701(b)(3).
Once a sentence has been modified or re-imposed pursuant to a motion to modify sentence under paragraph (E), a party wishing to challenge the decision on the motion does not have to file an additional motion to modify sentence in order to preserve an issue for appeal, as long as the issue was properly preserved at the time sentence was modified or re-imposed.
Official Note
Former Rule 1409 adopted July 23, 1973, effective 90 days hence; amended May 22, 1978, effective as to cases in which sentence is imposed on or after July 1, 1978; Comment revised November 1, 1991, effective January 1, 1992; amended September 26, 1996, effective January 1, 1997; Comment revised August 22, 1997, effective January 1, 1998; renumbered Rule 708 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; amended February 26, 2002, effective July 1, 2002; amended March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Report explaining the January 1, 1992 amendments published at 21 Pa.B. 2246 (May 11, 1990); Supplemental Report published with the Court’s Order at 21 Pa.B. 5329 (November 16, 1991).
Final Report explaining the September 26, 1996 amendments published with the Court’s Order at 26 Pa.B. 4900 (October 12, 1996).
Final Report explaining the August 22, 1997 Comment revision that cross-references Rule 721 published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 4553 (September 6, 1997).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the February 26, 2002 amendments concerning the 30-day appeal period published with the Court’s Order at 32 Pa.B. 1394 (March 16, 2002).
Final Report explaining the March 15, 2013 amendments to paragraph (C) concerning multiple guilty pleas and the Comment concerning the Crime Victims Act published at 43 Pa.B. 1705 (March 30, 2013).
Source The provisions of this Rule 708 amended February 26, 2002, effective July 1, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 1393; amended March 15, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 1702. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (287563) to (287564) and (312463).
PART B. Post-Sentence Procedures
Rule 720. Post-Sentencing Procedures; Appeal.
(A) TIMING.
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (C) and (D), a written post-sentence motion shall be filed no later than 10 days after imposition of sentence.
(2) If the defendant files a timely post-sentence motion, the notice of appeal shall be filed:
(a) within 30 days of the entry of the order deciding the motion;
(b) within 30 days of the entry of the order denying the motion by operation of law in cases in which the judge fails to decide the motion; or
(c) within 30 days of the entry of the order memorializing the withdrawal in cases in which the defendant withdraws the motion.
(3) If the defendant does not file a timely post-sentence motion, the defendant’s notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of imposition of sentence, except as provided in paragraph (A)(4).
(4) If the Commonwealth files a timely motion to modify sentence pursuant to Rule 721, the defendant’s notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the entry of the order disposing of the Commonwealth’s motion.
(B) OPTIONAL POST-SENTENCE MOTION.
(1) Generally.
(a) The defendant in a court case shall have the right to make a post-sentence motion. All requests for relief from the trial court shall be stated with specificity and particularity, and shall be consolidated in the post-sentence motion, which may include:
(i) a motion challenging the validity of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, or the denial of a motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere;
(ii) a motion for judgment of acquittal;
(iii) a motion in arrest of judgment;
(iv) a motion for a new trial; and/or
(v) a motion to modify sentence.
(b) The defendant may file a supplemental post-sentence motion in the judge’s discretion as long as the decision on the supplemental motion can be made in compliance with the time limits of paragraph (B)(3).
(c) Issues raised before or during trial shall be deemed preserved for appeal whether or not the defendant elects to file a post-sentence motion on those issues.
(2) Trial Court Action.
(a) Briefing Schedule
Within 10 days after a post-sentence motion is filed, if the judge determines that briefs or memoranda of law are required for a resolution of the motion, the judge shall schedule a date certain for the submission of briefs or memoranda of law by the defendant and the Commonwealth.
(b) Hearing; Argument
The judge shall also determine whether a hearing or argument on the motion is required, and if so, shall schedule a date or dates certain for one or both.
(c) Transcript
If the grounds asserted in the post-sentence motion do not require a transcript, neither the briefs nor hearing nor argument on the post-sentence motion shall be delayed for transcript preparation.
(3) Time Limits for Decision on Motion.
The judge shall not vacate sentence pending decision on the post-sentence motion, but shall decide the motion as provided in this paragraph.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (B)(3)(b), the judge shall decide the post-sentence motion, including any supplemental motion, within 120days of the filing of the motion. If the judge fails to decide the motion within 120 days, or to grant an extension as provided in paragraph (B)(3)(b), the motion shall be deemed denied by operation of law.
(b) Upon motion of the defendant within the 120-day disposition period, for good cause shown, the judge may grant one 30-day extension for decision on the motion. If the judge fails to decide the motion within the 30-day extension period, the motion shall be deemed denied by operation of law.
(c) When a post-sentence motion is denied by operation of law, the clerk of courts shall forthwith enter an order on behalf of the court, and, as provided in Rule 114, forthwith shall serve a copy of the order on the attorney for the Commonwealth, the defendant’s attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented, that the post-sentence motion is deemed denied. This order is not subject to reconsideration.
(d) If the judge denies the post-sentence motion, the judge promptly shall issue an order and the order shall be filed and served as provided in Rule 114.
(e) If the defendant withdraws a post-sentence motion, the judge promptly shall issue an order memorializing the withdrawal, and the order shall be filed and served as provided in Rule 114.
(4) Contents of Order.
An order denying a post-sentence motion, whether issued by the judge pursuant to paragraph (B)(3)(d) or entered by the clerk of courts pursuant to paragraph (B)(3)(c), or an order issued following a defendant’s withdrawal of the post-sentence motion, shall include notice to the defendant of the following:
(a) the right to appeal and the time limits within which the appeal must be filed;
(b) the right to assistance of counsel in the preparation of the appeal;
(c) the rights, if the defendant is indigent, to appeal in forma pauperis and to proceed with assigned counsel as provided in Rule 122; and
(d) the qualified right to bail under Rule 521(B).
(C) AFTER-DISCOVERED EVIDENCE.
A post-sentence motion for a new trial on the ground of after-discovered evidence must be filed in writing promptly after such discovery.
(D) SUMMARY CASE APPEALS.
There shall be no post-sentence motion in summary case appeals following a trial de novo in the court of common pleas. The imposition of sentence immediately following a determination of guilt at the conclusion of the trial de novo shall constitute a final order for purposes of appeal.
Comment See Rules 606, 608 and 622.
For post-sentence procedures after a sentence of death has been imposed, see Rule 811.
The purpose of this rule is to promote the fair and prompt disposition of all issues relating to guilty pleas, trial, and sentence by consolidating all possible motions to be submitted for trial court review, and by setting reasonable but firm time limits within which the motion must be decided. Because the post-sentence motion is optional, the defendant may choose to raise any or all properly preserved issues in the trial court, in the appellate court, or both.
TIMING
Paragraph (A) contains the timing requirements for filing the optional post-sentence motion and taking an appeal. Under paragraph (A)(1), the post-sentence motion must be filed within 10 days of imposition of sentence.
When a defendant files a timely post-sentence motion, the 30-day period for the defendant’s direct appeal on all matters in that case—including all issues related to any informations and any charges consolidated against the defendant for trial—is triggered by the trial judge’s decision on the post-sentence motion, the denial of the motion by operation of law, or the withdrawal of the post-sentence motion. The appeal period runs from the entry of the order. As to the date of entry of orders, see Pa.R.A.P. 108. See also Commonwealth v. Miller, 715 A.2d 1203 (Pa. Super. 1998), concerning the time for appeal following the withdrawal of a post-sentence motion. No direct appeal may be taken by a defendant while his or her post-sentence motion is pending. See paragraph (A)(2).
If no timely post-sentence motion is filed, the defendant’s appeal period runs from the date sentence is imposed. See paragraph (A)(3). Under paragraph (A)(4), however, when the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion but the Commonwealth files a timely motion to modify sentence under Rule 721, it is the entry of the order disposing of the Commonwealth’s motion that commences the 30-day period during which the defendant’s notice of appeal must be filed. See Rule 721(B)(2)(b).
All references to appeals in this rule relate to the defendant’s right to appeal. The rule does not address or alter the Commonwealth’s right to appeal. For Commonwealth challenges to sentences, see Rule 721.
OPTIONAL POST-SENTENCE MOTION
Paragraph (B) represents a departure from traditional Pennsylvania practice. It is intended to give the defendant the option of resubmitting for the trial judge’s consideration issues that were raised before or during trial. Although the defendant may choose to raise only some issues in the post-sentence motion, the decision on the motion triggers the appeal period on all properly preserved issues. See paragraph (A)(2).
Under paragraph (B)(1)(c), any issue raised before or during trial is deemed preserved for appeal whether or not the defendant chooses to raise the issue in a post-sentence motion. It follows that the failure to brief or argue an issue in the post-sentence motion would not waive that issue on appeal as long as the issue was properly preserved, in the first instance, before or during trial. Nothing in this rule, however, is intended to address Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) or the preservation of appellate issues once an appeal is filed. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 553 Pa. 415, 719 A.2d 306 (1998) (any issues not raised in a 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived).
Nothing in this rule precludes the judge from granting a motion for extraordinary relief before sentencing under the special provisions of Rule 704(B). But see Rule 704(B)(3).
Under paragraph (A)(1), if a defendant chooses to file a post-sentence motion, the motion must be filed within 10 days of imposition of sentence. The filing of the written post-sentence motion triggers the time limits for decision on the motion, including any supplement to it filed pursuant to paragraph (B)(1)(b). See paragraph (B)(3)(a).
For procedures governing post-sentence challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, see Rule 606(A)(6) and (A)(7). For challenges to the weight of the evidence, see Rule 607(A).
In those cases in which a petitioner under the Post Conviction Relief Act has been granted leave to file a post-sentence motion or to appeal nunc pro tunc, the filing of the post-sentence motion or the notice of appeal must comply with the timing requirements contained in paragraph (A) of this rule. See the Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9541 et seq.
BRIEFS; TRANSCRIPTS; ARGUMENT
Under paragraph (B)(2)(a), the judge should determine, on a case-by-case basis, whether briefs or memoranda of law are required for a fair resolution of the post-sentence motion. If they are not needed, or if a concise summary of the relevant law and facts is sufficient, the judge should so order. Any local rules requiring briefs or oral argument are inconsistent with this rule. See Rule 105(B)(1).
Under paragraph (B)(2)(c), the judge, in consultation with defense counsel and the attorney for the Commonwealth, should determine what, if any, portions of the notes of testimony must be transcribed so that the post-sentence motion can be resolved. The judge should then set clear deadlines for the court reporter to insure timely disposition of the motion. Nothing in this rule precludes the judge from ordering the transcript or portions of it immediately after the conclusion of the trial or the entry of a plea.
Paragraph (B)(1)(b) permits the trial judge to entertain a supplemental post-sentence motion at his or her discretion, as long as the decision on the supplemental issue(s) is made within the time limits of paragraph (B)(3).
For the recording and transcribing of court proceedings generally, see Rule 115. The requirements for the record and the writing of an opinion on appeal are set forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.
There is no requirement that oral argument be heard on every post-sentence motion. When argument is to be heard, however, the judge should determine whether the post-sentence motion argument must be argued before the judge alone, or before a panel sitting en banc. It is recommended that, except in extraordinary circumstances, the post-sentence motion be heard by the judge alone. The judge may make any rulings that could be made by a court en banc. See Commonwealth v. Norris, 256 Pa. Super. 196, 389 A.2d 668 (1978). On the powers of courts en banc, see Commonwealth v. Bonser, 215 Pa. Super. 452, 258 A.2d 675 (1969). For cases in which there has been a change of venue, see Rule 584.
When oral argument is heard on the post-sentence motion, the defendant need not be present.
DISPOSITION
Under paragraph (B)(3), once the defendant makes a timely written post-sentence motion, the judge retains jurisdiction for the duration of the disposition period. The judge may not vacate the order imposing sentence pending decision on the post-sentence motion. This is so whether or not the Commonwealth files a motion to modify sentence. See Rule 721.
Paragraph (B)(3)(b) permits one 30-day extension of the 120-day time limit, for good cause shown, upon motion of the defendant. In most cases, an extension would be requested and granted when new counsel has entered the case. Only the defendant or counsel may request such an extension. The judge may not, sua sponte, extend the time for decision: a congested court calendar or other judicial delay does not constitute ‘‘good cause’’ under this rule.
The possibility of an extension is not intended to suggest that 120 days are required for decision in most cases. The time limits for disposition of the post-sentence motion are the outer limits. Easily resolvable issues, such as a modification of sentence or a guilty plea challenge, should ordinarily be decided in a much shorter period of time.
If the trial judge decides the motion within the time limits of this rule, the judge may grant reconsideration on the post-sentence motion pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505 or Pa.R.A.P. 1701.1, but the judge may not vacate the sentence pending reconsideration. Rule 720(B)(3). The reconsideration period may not be used to extend the timing requirements set forth in paragraph (B)(3) for decision on the post-sentence motion: the time limits imposed by paragraphs (B)(3)(a) and (B)(3)(b) continue to run from the date the post-sentence motion was originally filed. The trial judge’s reconsideration must therefore be resolved within the 120-day decision period of paragraph (B)(3)(a) or the 30-day extension period of paragraph (B)(3)(b), whichever applies. If a decision on the reconsideration is not reached within the appropriate period, the post-sentence motion, including any issues raised for reconsideration, will be denied pursuant to paragraph (B)(3)(c).
Under paragraph (B)(3)(a), on the date when the court disposes of the motion, or the date when the motion is denied by operation of law, the judgment becomes final for the purposes of appeal. See Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § § 102, 722, 742, 5105(a) and Commonwealth v. Bolden, 472 Pa. 602, 373 A.2d 90 (1977).
An order entered by the clerk of courts under paragraph (B)(3)(c) constitutes a ministerial order and, as such, is not subject to reconsideration or modification pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505 or Pa.R.A.P. 1701.
If the motion is denied by operation of law, paragraph (B)(3)(c) requires that the clerk of courts enter an order denying the motion on behalf of the court and immediately notify the attorney for the Commonwealth, the defendant’s attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented, that the motion has been denied. This notice is intended to protect the defendant’s right to appeal. The clerk of courts also must comply with the filing, service, and docket entry requirements of Rule 114.
The disposition of a motion to modify a sentence imposed after a revocation hearing is governed by Rule 708 (Violation of Probation, Intermediate Punishment, or Parole: Hearing and Disposition).
CONTENTS OF ORDER
Paragraph (B)(4) protects the defendant’s right to appeal by requiring that the judge’s order denying the motion, the clerk of courts’ order denying the motion by operation of law, or the order entered memorializing a defendant’s withdrawal of a post-sentence motion, contain written notice of the defendant’s appeal rights. This requirement ensures adequate notice to the defendant, which is important given the potential time lapse between the notice provided at sentencing and the resolution of the post-sentence motion. See Rule 704(C)(3). See also Commonwealth v. Miller, 715 A.2d 1203 (Pa. Super. 1998), concerning the contents of the order memorializing the withdrawal of a post-sentence motion.
When a defendant withdraws a post-sentence motion in open court and on the record, the judge should orally enter an order memorializing the withdrawal for the record, and give the defendant notice of the information required by paragraph (B)(4). See Commonwealth v. Miller, supra.
MISCELLANEOUS
Commonwealth v. Grant, 572 Pa. 48, 813 A.2d 726 (2002), which overrules Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 472 Pa. 259, 372 A.2d 687 (1977), provides that a defendant should wait until collateral review to raise ineffective counsel claims.
Under paragraph (B)(1)(a), the grounds for the post-sentence motion should be stated with particularity. Motions alleging insufficient evidence, for example, must specify in what way the evidence was insufficient, and motions alleging that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence must specify why the verdict was against the weight of the evidence.
Because the post-sentence motion is optional, the failure to raise an issue with sufficient particularity in the post-sentence motion will not constitute a waiver of the issue on appeal as long as the issue was preserved before or during trial. See paragraph (B)(1)(c).
Under paragraph (B)(1)(a)(ii), a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence would be made in a motion for judgment of acquittal. See Rule 606.
A post-sentence challenge to a guilty plea under this rule is distinct from a motion to withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentence. See Rule 591. Cf. Standards Relating to Pleas of Guilty § 2.1(a)(ii), ABA PROJECT ON MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE (Approved Draft, 1968). Properly preserved issues related to guilty pleas need not be raised again in the post-sentence motion, but the defendant may choose to do so. A key consideration for the defendant is whether the record will be adequate for appellate review. If counsel is uncertain about the record, it is recommended that the guilty plea be challenged in the post-sentence motion.
Issues properly preserved at the sentencing proceeding need not, but may be raised again in a motion to modify sentence in order to preserve them for appeal. In deciding whether to move to modify sentence, counsel must carefully consider whether the record created at the sentencing proceeding is adequate for appellate review of the issues, or the issues may be waived. See Commonwealth v. Jarvis, 444 Pa. Super. 296, 663 A.2d 790 (1995). See also Rule 704(C)(4). As a general rule, the motion to modify sentence under paragraph (B)(1)(a)(v) gives the sentencing judge the earliest opportunity to modify the sentence. This procedure does not affect the court’s inherent powers to correct an illegal sentence or obvious and patent mistakes in its orders at any time before appeal or upon remand by the appellate court. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Jones, 520 Pa. 385, 554 A.2d 50 (1989) (sentencing court can, sua sponte, correct an illegal sentence even after the defendant has begun serving the original sentence) and Commonwealth v. Cole, 437 Pa. 288, 263 A.2d 339 (1970) (inherent power of the court to correct obvious and patent mistakes).
Once a sentence has been modified or reimposed pursuant to a motion to modify sentence under paragraph (B)(1)(a)(v) or Rule 721, a party wishing to challenge the decision on the motion does not have to file an additional motion to modify sentence in order to preserve an issue for appeal, as long as the issue was properly preserved at the time sentence was modified or reimposed.
Commonwealth challenges to sentences are governed by Rule 721. If the defendant files a post-sentence motion, the time limits for decision on the defendant’s motion govern the time limits for disposition of the Commonwealth motion to modify sentence, regardless of which motion is filed first. See Rule 721(C)(1). If the defendant elects to file an appeal and the Commonwealth files a motion to modify sentence, decision on the Commonwealth’s motion triggers the defendant’s 30-day appeal period. See Rule 720(A)(4).
Given that the Commonwealth has 10 days to file a motion to modify sentence under Rule (B)(1), it is possible that the defendant might elect to file a notice of appeal under Rule 720 (A)(3) followed by the Commonwealth’s filing a timely motion to modify sentence. When this occurs, the defendant’s notice of appeal is rendered premature, because the entry of the order disposing of the Commonwealth’s motion to modify sentence then becomes the triggering device for the defendant’s notice of appeal. In this situation, counsel for the defendant should be aware that Pa.R.A.P. 905(a) addresses this problem. In response to an extensive history of appeals that were quashed because of the premature filing of the notice of appeal, the last sentence of Pa.R.A.P. 905(a) was drafted to create a legal fiction that treats a premature notice of appeal as filed after the entry of the appealable order. For a discussion of this provision, see Darlington, McKeon, Schuckers, and Brown, Pennsylvania Appellate Practice, 2d., § 905.3.
For bail proceedings pending the outcome of the post-sentence motion, see Rules 521 and 523.
Unlike ineffective counsel claims, which are the subject of Commonwealth v. Grant, 572 Pa. 48, 813 A.2d 726 (2002), paragraph (C) requires that any claim of after-discovered evidence must be raised promptly after its discovery. Accordingly, after-discovered evidence discovered during the post-sentence stage must be raised promptly with the trial judge at the post-sentence stage; after-discovered evidence discovered during the direct appeal process must be raised promptly during the direct appeal process, and should include a request for a remand to the trial judge; and after-discovered evidence discovered after completion of the direct appeal process should be raised in the context of the PCRA. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii) and (b)(2) (PCRA petition raising after-discovered evidence must be filed within 60 days of date claim could have been presented). Commonwealth v. Kohan, 825 A.2d 702 (Pa. Super. 2003), is superseded by the 2005 amendments to paragraphs (A) and (C) of the rule.
Although there are no post-sentence motions in summary appeals following the trial de novo pursuant to paragraph (D), nothing in this rule is intended to preclude the trial judge from acting on a defendant’s petition for reconsideration. See the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505. See also Commonwealth v. Dougherty, 451 Pa. Super. 248, 679 A.2d 779, 784 (1996). The time for appeal in summary cases following a trial de novo runs from the imposition of sentence.
Official Note
Previous Rule 1410, adopted May 22, 1978, effective as to cases in which sentence is imposed on or after July 1, 1978; rescinded March 22, 1993, effective as to cases in which the determination of guilt occurs on or after January 1, 1994, and replaced by present Rule 1410. Present Rule 1410 adopted March 22, 1993 and amended December 17, 1993, effective as to cases in which the determination of guilt occurs on or after January 1, 1994; amended September 13, 1995, effective January 1, 1996. The January 1, 1996 effective date extended to April 1, 1996; the April 1, 1996 effective date extended to July 1, 1996. Comment revised September 26, 1996, effective January 1, 1997; amended August 22, 1997, effective January 1, 1998; Comment revised October 15, 1997, effective January 1, 1998; amended July 9, 1999, effective January 1, 2000; renumbered Rule 720 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; amended August 21, 2003, effective January 1, 2004; amended March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004; Comment revised June 4, 2004, effective November 1, 2004; amended June 8, 2005, effective August 1, 2005; Comment revised January 18, 2007, effective August 1, 2007.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the provisions of the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 23 Pa.B. 1699 (April 10, 1993).
Report explaining the December 17, 1993 amendments published with the Court’s Order at 24 Pa.B. 334 (January 15, 1994).
Final Report explaining the September 13, 1995 amendments concerning bail published with the Court’s Order at 25 Pa.B. 4116 (September 30, 1995).
Final Report explaining the September 26, 1996 Comment revision on Rule 1409 procedures published at 26 Pa.B. 4900 (October 12, 1996).
Final Report explaining the August 22, 1997 amendments to paragraphs (A)(4) and (B)(3) published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 4553 (September 6, 1997).
Final Report explaining the Comment references to Rule 1124A (Challenges to the Weight of the Evidence) and to Commonwealth v. Dougherty published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 5594 (November 1, 1997).
Final Report explaining the July 9, 1999 amendments to paragraphs (A)(2) and (B)(4) concerning time for appeal and contents of the order entered following withdrawal of post-sentence motion, and revision of the Comment adding the citation to Commonwealth v. Lord, published with the Court’s Order at 29 Pa.B. 3836 (July 24, 1999).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the August 21, 2003 changes to Rule 720 concerning the timeliness of filings and the order published at 33 Pa.B. 4438 (September 6, 2003).
Final Report explaining the March 3, 2004 amendments updating the cross-references correlative to the March 3, 2004 changes to the motions rules published with the Court’s Order at 34 Pa.B. 1561 (March 20, 2004).
Final Report explaining the June 8, 2005 changes concerning ineffective counsel claims and concerning after-discovered evidence published with the Court’s Order at 35 Pa.B. 3545 (June 25, 2005).
Final Report explaining the January 18, 2007 revision of the last paragraph of the Comment clarifying the time for appeal following a trial de novo published with the Court’s Order at 37 Pa.B. 526 (February 3, 2007).
Source The provisions of this Rule 720 amended August 21, 2003, effective January 1, 2004, 33 Pa.B. 4436; amended March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 1547; amended June 4, 2004, effective November 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 3105; amended June 8, 2005, effective August 1, 2005, 35 Pa.B. 3543; amended February 2, 2007, effective August 1, 2007, 37 Pa.B. 523. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (312463) to (312471).
Rule 721. Procedures for Commonwealth Challenges to Sentence; Sentencing Appeals.
(A) Commonwealth Challenges to Sentence
(1) The Commonwealth may challenge a sentence by filing a motion to modify sentence, by filing an appeal on a preserved issue, or by filing a motion to modify sentence followed by an appeal.
(2) Sentencing issues raised by the Commonwealth at the sentencing proceeding shall be deemed preserved for appeal whether or not the Commonwealth elects to file a motion to modify sentence on those issues.
(B) Timing
(1) Motion for Modification of Sentence. A Commonwealth motion for modification of sentence shall be filed no later than 10 days after imposition of sentence.
(2) Appeal of Sentence.
(a) Appeal Directly from Order Imposing Sentence.
(i) If the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, and the Commonwealth elects to challenge the sentence by filing an appeal directly from the order imposing sentence, notice of the Commonwealth’s appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the entry of the order disposing of the defendant’s post-sentence motion pursuant to Rule 720(B)(3).
(ii) If the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the imposition of sentence.
(b) Appeal following Disposition of Commonwealth Motion to Modify Sentence.
(i) If the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the entry of the orders disposing of the Commonwealth’s and the defendant’s motions pursuant to paragraph (C)(1).
(ii) If the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the entry of the order disposing of the Commonwealth’s motion pursuant to paragraph (C)(2).
(C) Trial Court Action; Disposition
If the attorney for the Commonwealth files a timely motion for modification of sentence pursuant to paragraph (A)(1), the judge shall dispose of the motion as provided in this paragraph.
(1) If the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the judge shall not vacate sentence but shall decide the Commonwealth’s motion and the defendant’s post-sentence motion simultaneously. The Rule 720(B)(3) time limits for deciding the defendant’s post-sentence motion, including the automatic denial provisions, shall apply to the disposition of the Commonwealth’s motion. The starting date for disposition of both motions shall be the date on which the defendant filed the post-sentence motion.
(2) If the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the judge shall not vacate sentence but shall decide the Commonwealth’s motion within 120 days of the filing of the motion. If the judge fails to decide the Commonwealth’s motion within 120 days, the motion shall be deemed denied by operation of law.
(D) Entry of Order by Clerk of Courts
(1) When the Commonwealth’s motion for modification of sentence is denied by operation of law, the clerk of courts shall forthwith:
(a) enter an order on behalf of the court denying the Commonwealth’s motion for modification of sentence by operation of law; and
(b) furnish a copy of the order, by mail or personal delivery, to the attorney for the Commonwealth, the defendant, and defense counsel.
(2) An order entered by the clerk of courts pursuant to this section shall not be subject to reconsideration.
Comment Rule 721 clarifies the procedures for Commonwealth challenges to sentences in light of the post-sentence procedures adopted in 1993. See Rule 720. This rule does not address any other type of Commonwealth challenge or Commonwealth appeals generally.
Historically, the Commonwealth has been required to raise a discretionary sentencing issue at the sentencing hearing or in a post-trial motion to modify sentence in order to preserve the issue for appellate review. See Commonwealth v. Eyster, 401 Pa. Super. 477, 585 A.2d 1027 (1991) (en banc), appeal denied 529 Pa. 646, 602 A.2d 857 (1992). Challenges to the legality of a sentence, however, are not waived if the Commonwealth fails to timely file a motion for modification. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 529 Pa. 380, 598 A.2d 268 (1991).
Under Rule 721, the Commonwealth’s motion for modification of sentence is optional, as long as any discretionary sentencing issue is properly preserved at the time sentence was imposed. Before forgoing trial court review and proceeding with a direct appeal, the attorney for the Commonwealth must therefore be sure that the record created at the sentencing proceeding is adequate for appellate review of the issue, or the issue may be waived. See Commonwealth v. Jarvis, 444 Pa. Super. 295, 663 A.2d 790 (1995), at n. 1.
As a general rule, a motion for modification of sentence gives the sentencing judge the earliest opportunity to modify the sentence. This procedure does not affect the court’s inherent powers to correct an illegal sentence or obvious and patent mistakes in its orders at any time before appeal or upon remand by the appellate court. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Jones, 520 Pa. 385, 554 A.2d 50 (1989) (sentencing court can, sua sponte, correct an illegal sentence even after the defendant has begun serving the original sentence) and Commonwealth v. Cole, 437 Pa. 288, 263 A.2d 339 (1970) (inherent power of the court to correct obvious and patent mistakes).
Once a sentence has been modified or reimposed pursuant to a motion to modify sentence under this rule or Rule 720(B)(1)(a)(v), a party wishing to challenge the decision on the motion does not have to file an additional motion to modify sentence in order to preserve an issue for appeal, as long as the issue was properly preserved at the time the sentence was modified or reimposed.
Trial Court Action
Paragraph (C) sets forth the procedures for trial court action on the Commonwealth’s motion for modification. Key to the timing of the judge’s decision on the Commonwealth’s motion is whether the defendant files a post-sentence motion.
Rule 720 Motion Filed
Under paragraph (C)(1), if the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the judge is not permitted to vacate sentence and must decide the defendant’s post-sentence motion and the Commonwealth’s motion simultaneously. The date on which the defendant’s post-sentence motion is filed, see Rule 720(A)(1), triggers the time limit within which the judge must also dispose of the Commonwealth’s motion, regardless of which motion is filed first. If the judge fails to decide the Commonwealth’s motion within this time limit, the motion is deemed denied by operation of law. See Rule 720(B)(3).
Rule 720 Motion Not Filed
When the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the disposition of the Commonwealth’s motion is governed by paragraph (C)(2). The judge may not vacate sentence, but has 120 days to decide the Commonwealth’s motion or the motion is deemed denied by operation of law. If the judge decides the motion within the 120-day limit and then agrees to reconsider, the reconsideration must be resolved within the original 120-day time limit. The judge may not vacate sentence in order to reconsider the motion or otherwise use the reconsideration period to extend the 120-day time limit. It follows that even if the defendant has filed a notice of appeal, the procedural exceptions provided in Pa.R.A.P. 1701(b)(3) do not apply to challenges to sentences.
See also the Rule 720 Comment under ‘‘Disposition.’’
Entry of Order by Clerk of Courts
Under paragraph (D)(1), when a Commonwealth motion to modify sentence has been denied by operation of law, the clerk of courts must enter an order on behalf of the court and furnish copies to the attorney for the Commonwealth, the defendant, and defense counsel. The clerk of courts’ order is ministerial and not subject to reconsideration. See paragraph (D)(2). The clerk of courts also must comply with the filing, service, and docket entry requirements of Rule 114.
Appeal of Sentence
Paragraph (B)(2) contains the timing requirements for Commonwealth notices of appeal.
No Commonwealth Motion to Modify Sentence Filed
Paragraph (B)(2)(a) covers the time for filing a notice of appeal when the Commonwealth has elected not to file a motion to modify sentence with the trial judge. The time for filing the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal under this paragraph depends on whether the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion. When the defendant files a post-sentence motion, paragraph (B)(2)(a)(i) provides that the entry of the order disposing of the defendant’s post-sentence motion triggers the 30-day period during which the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal must be filed. If no post-sentence motion is filed, it is the imposition of sentence that triggers the Commonwealth’s 30-day appeal period. See Rule 721(B)(2)(a)(ii).
Given that a defendant has 10 days to file a post-sentence motion under Rule 720(A)(1), it is possible that the Commonwealth might file a notice of appeal under paragraph (B)(2)(a)(ii) followed by the defendant’s filing a timely post-sentence motion. When this occurs, the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal is rendered premature, because it is the entry of the order disposing of the defendant’s post-sentence motion that becomes the triggering device for the Commonwealth’s notice of appeal. In this situation, counsel for the Commonwealth should be aware that Pa.R.A.P. 905(a) addresses this problem. In response to an extensive history of appeals which were quashed because of the premature filing of the notice of appeal, the last sentence of Pa.R.A.P. 905(a) was drafted to create a legal fiction that treats a premature notice of appeal as filed after the entry of the appealable order. For a discussion of this provision, see Darlington, McKeon, Schuckers, and Brown, Pennsylvania Appellate Practice, 2d., § 905.3.
Commonwealth Motion to Modify Sentence Filed
Paragraph (B)(2)(b) covers the time for filing the notice of appeal when the Commonwealth has elected to file a motion to modify sentence with the trial judge. As in paragraph (B)(2)(a), the time for notice depends on whether the defendant files a post-sentence motion. If the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the disposition of the Commonwealth’s and the defendant’s motion is simultaneous. See Rule 721(C)(1). If the defendant does not file a post-sentence motion, the 30-day appeal period begins to run from the entry of the order disposing of the Commonwealth’s motion pursuant to the time limit of paragraph (C)(2).
Official Note
Rule 1411 adopted August 22, 1997, effective January 1, 1998; renumbered Rule 721 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004; amended January 18, 2007, effective August 1, 2007.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 4553 (September 6, 1997).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the March 3, 2004 amendments updating the cross-references correlative to the March 3, 2004 changes to the motions rules published with the Court’s Order at 34 Pa.B. 1561 (March 20, 2004).
Final Report explaining the January 18, 2007 amendments clarifying the time for appeal in paragraph (B)(2)(a)(ii) published with the Court’s Order at 37 Pa.B. 526 (February 3, 2007).
Source The provisions of this Rule 721 amended March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 1547; amended February 2, 2007, effective August 1, 2007, 37 Pa.B. 523. Immediately preceeding text appears at serial pages (312471), (299437) to (299438) and (303705) to (303707).
Rule 722. [Rescinded].
Official Note
Rule 9017 adopted February 24, 1993, effective July 1, 1993; renumbered Rule 722 and Comment revised March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; rescinded September 22, 2010, effective in 90 days, and replaced by new Rules 490(c) and 790(c).
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Report explaining the provisions of the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 23 Pa.B. 1134 (March 13, 1993).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the September 22, 2010 rescission of Rule 722 published with the Court’s Order at 40 Pa.B. 5740 (October 9, 2010).
Rule 771. Disposition Report to the Department of Transportation.
(A) The clerk of courts shall report to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation all dispositions of charges required by 75 Pa.C.S. § 6323 (relating to reports by courts). The report shall be sent by electronic transmission in the form prescribed by the Department.
(B) The clerk of courts shall sign the report on the form prescribed by the Department by means of an electronic signature as authorized by Rule 103.
(C) The clerk of courts shall print out and sign a copy of the report, which shall include the date and time of the transmission, and a certification as to the adjudication, the sentence, if any, and the final disposition. The copy shall be made part of the record.
(D) Upon the request of the defendant, the attorney for the Commonwealth, or any other government agency, the clerk of courts shall provide a certified copy of the report required by this rule.
Comment This rule was adopted in 2014 to provide for the electronic transmission of the case information required under 75 Pa.C.S. § 6323 to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The rule provides for procedures at the court of common pleas similar to those already provided under Rule 471 for the reports required to be submitted under 75 Pa.C.S. § 6322 by issuing authorities.
A clerk of courts may comply with the requirements of paragraph (C) by retaining an electronic copy of the printed and signed document together with the appropriate annotations to the docket entries that the document had been transmitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
This rule does not address the admissibility of evidence. See the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence and 42 Pa.C.S. § 6101 et seq. concerning the Rules of Evidence for documents.
Official Note
New Rule 771 adopted June 16, 2014, effective July 16, 2014.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the provisions of the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 44 Pa.B. 4169 (July 5, 2014).
Source The provisions of this Rule 771 adopted June 16, 2014, effective July 16, 2014, 44 Pa.B. 4168.
PART C. Court Case Expungement Procedures
Rule 790. Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Court Cases; Expungement Order.
(a) Petition for Expungement.
(1) Except as provided in Rule 320 (Procedure for Expungement Upon Successful Completion of ARD Program), Rule 790.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Court Cases; Expungement Order), and 35 P.S. § 780-119, an individual who satisfies the requirements for expungement may request expungement by filing a petition with the clerk of the courts of the judicial district in which the charges were disposed.
(2) The petition shall set forth:
(i) the petitioner’s name and any aliases that the petitioner has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas who accepted the guilty plea or heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint, if available;
(iv) the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number or the court of common pleas docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be expunged;
(viii) the disposition and, if the sentence includes a fine, costs, or restitution, whether the amount due has been paid;
(ix) the reason(s) for expungement; and
(x) a verification by the petitioner that facts set forth in the petition are true and correct to the best of the petitioner’s personal knowledge or information and belief. The verification may be by a sworn affidavit or by an unsworn written statement that the facts are verified subject to the penalties for unsworn falsification to authorities under the Crimes Code § 4904, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(3) Unless the attorney for the Commonwealth agrees to waive this requirement, a current copy of the petitioner’s Pennsylvania State Police criminal history report shall be attached to the petition. The copy shall be obtained from the Pennsylvania State Police within 60 days before filing the petition. Absent a waiver by the attorney for the Commonwealth, the judge shall not rule upon the petition until the Pennsylvania State Police criminal history report is filed.
(4) A copy of the petition shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing.
(b) Objections; Hearing.
(1) Within 60 days after service of the petition, the attorney for the Commonwealth shall file a consent or objection to the petition or take no action. The attorney for the Commonwealth’s consent or objection shall be filed with the clerk of courts, and copies shall be served on the petitioner’s attorney, or the petitioner if unrepresented.
(2) Upon receipt of the attorney for the Commonwealth’s response, or no later than 14 days after the expiration of the 60-day period in subdivision (b)(1), the judge shall grant or deny the petition or shall schedule a hearing.
(3) At the hearing, if any, the parties shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. Following the hearing, the judge promptly shall enter an order granting or denying the petition.
(4) If the judge grants the petition for expungement, the judge shall enter an order directing expungement.
(i) The order shall contain the information required in subdivision (c).
(ii) Except when the attorney for the Commonwealth has filed a consent to the petition pursuant to subdivision (b)(1), the order shall be stayed for 30 days pending an appeal. If a timely notice of appeal is filed, the expungement order is stayed pending the disposition of the appeal and further order of court.
(5) If the judge denies the petition for expungement, the judge shall enter an order denying the petition and stating the reasons for the denial.
(c) Order.
(1) Every order for expungement shall include:
(i) the petitioner’s name and any aliases that the petitioner has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas who accepted the guilty plea or heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint, if available;
(iv) the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number or the court of common pleas docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be expunged;
(viii) the disposition and, if the sentence includes a fine, costs, or restitution, whether the amount due has been paid;
(ix) the reason(s) for expungement; and
(x) the criminal justice agencies upon which certified copies of the order shall be served.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(2) The clerk of courts shall serve a certified copy of the order to each criminal justice agency identified in the court’s order and to all other entities required to be notified by statute.
Comment: This rule, adopted in 2010, provides the procedures for requesting and ordering expungement in court cases. Any case in which a summary offense is filed with a misdemeanor, felony, or murder of the first, second, or third degree is a court case (see Rule 103). The petition for expungement of the summary offense in such a case would proceed under this rule.
See also Rule 320 (Procedure for Expungement Upon Successful Completion of ARD Program); Rule 490 (Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Summary Cases; Expungement Order); Rule 791 (Procedure for Obtaining Order for Limited Access in Court Cases; Order for Limited Access); 35 P.S. § 780-119 for expungement procedures under the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act; and for expungement procedures in cases satisfying the requirements of 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4) regarding complete acquittals, see Rule 490.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Summary Cases; Expungement Order) and Rule 790.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Court Cases; Expungement Order).
This rule sets forth the only information that must be included in every expungement petition and order.
Subdivision (a)(3) requires the petitioner to attach a copy of his or her criminal history report to the petition. The attorney for the Commonwealth may waive the requirement that the criminal history report be attached to the petition. The Commonwealth’s agreement to the waiver may be made orally or in writing, or averred in the petition.
An order for expungement under the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act, 35 P.S. § 780-119, also must include the information in subdivision (c).
A form petition and form order of expungement has been created by the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts, in consultation with the Committee, and is available at the following website: http://www.pacourts.us/forms/for-the-public.
‘‘Petition,’’ as used in this rule, is a ‘‘motion’’ for purposes of Rules 575, 576, and 577.
The ‘‘reason for expungement’’ in subdivisions (a)(2)(ix) and (c)(1)(ix) means, for example, acquittal or age.
For the procedures for filing and service of petitions, see Rule 576.
For the procedures for filing and service of orders, see Rule 114.
When a summons instead of an arrest warrant is issued pursuant to Rule 519, the date of the summons constitutes the ‘‘date of arrest’’ for purposes of subdivision (a)(2)(vi).
Subdivision (c)(2) requires the clerk of courts to serve each criminal justice agency identified in the court’s order as well as all other entities required to be notified by statute. See, e.g., 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(3) (requiring the court to order the expungement of all administrative records of the Department of Transportation relating to a conviction pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 6308 when that conviction is ordered to be expunged).
For purposes of this rule, ‘‘criminal justice agency’’ includes police departments, county detectives, and other law enforcement agencies. See also 18 Pa.C.S. § 9102.
Concerning standing, see In Re Administrative Order No. 1-MD-2003, 936 A.2d 1 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. J.H., 759 A.2d 1269 (Pa. 2000).
Source The provisions of this Rule 790 amended November 9, 2016, effective November 14, 2016, 46 Pa.B. 7439; amended June 14, 2023, effective April 1, 2024, 53 Pa.B. 3403. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (384774) to (384777).
Rule 790.2. Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Court Cases; Expungement Order.
(a) Notice of Acquittal.
(1) In any court case in which the defendant has been acquitted of all charges as provided in 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4), within 10 days of the entry of the acquittal, the clerk of courts of the judicial district in which the charges were disposed or, if the charges were disposed of in the Philadelphia Municipal Court, the clerk of Municipal Court shall notify the defendant, defense counsel, if any, and the attorney for the Commonwealth that the case shall be ordered expunged, unless an objection is filed by the attorney for the Commonwealth.
(2) Thereafter, the case shall proceed as provided in subdivision (b) and (c) of this rule.
(3) The notice issued by the clerk of courts or by the clerk of Municipal Court under subdivision (a)(1) shall set forth:
(i) the defendant’s name and any aliases that the defendant has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas or of the Philadelphia Municipal Court, whichever applies, who heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint or citation, if available;
(iv) the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number or the court of common pleas docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the citation or complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be expunged; and
(viii) a statement that all the charges resulted in a not guilty finding.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(b) Objections; Hearing.
(1) Within 60 days after service of the notice, the attorney for the Commonwealth shall file a consent or objection to the expungement or take no action. The attorney for the Commonwealth’s consent or objection shall be filed in the court of common pleas or the Philadelphia Municipal Court, whichever applies, and copies shall be served on the defendant and defense counsel, if any.
(2) Upon receipt of the attorney for the Commonwealth’s response, or no later than 14 days after the expiration of the 60-day period in subdivision (b)(1), the court of common pleas or the Philadelphia Municipal Court, whichever applies, shall grant the expungement or, when an objection is filed, shall schedule a hearing unless waived by the parties and the court.
(3) At the hearing, if any, the defendant and the attorney for the Commonwealth shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. Following the hearing, the judge promptly shall enter an order granting or denying the expungement.
(4) If the judge grants the expungement, the judge shall enter an order directing expungement.
(i) The order shall contain the information required in subdivision (c).
(ii) Except when the attorney for the Commonwealth has filed a consent pursuant to subdivision (b)(1), the order shall be stayed for 30 days pending an appeal. If a timely notice of appeal is filed, the expungement order is stayed pending the disposition of the appeal and further order of court.
(5) If the judge denies the expungement, the judge shall enter an order denying the expungement and stating the reasons for the denial.
(6) The judge shall issue the order granting or denying the expungement in writing, with copies to the defendant, defense counsel, if any, and the attorney for the Commonwealth, and shall make the order a part of the docket.
(c) Order.
(1) Every order for expungement shall include:
(i) the defendant’s name and any aliases that the defendant has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas or of the Philadelphia Municipal Court, whichever applies, who heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint or citation, if available;
(iv) the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number or the court of common pleas docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the citation or complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be expunged;
(viii) a statement that all the charges resulted in a not guilty finding; and
(ix) the criminal justice agencies upon which certified copies of the order shall be served.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(2) The clerk of courts shall serve a certified copy of the order to each criminal justice agency identified in the court’s order and to all other entities required to be notified by statute.
Comment: This rule was adopted in 2023 to provide procedures for the expungement of court cases that resulted in acquittals as provided in 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4).
For the ability of the parties, with the consent of the court, to waive a hearing pursuant to subdivision (b)(2), see 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4)(iii).
See also Rule 320 (Procedure for Expungement Upon Successful Completion of ARD Program); Rule 490 (Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Summary Cases; Expungement Order); Rule 790 (Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Court Cases; Expungement Order); Rule 791 (Procedure for Obtaining Order for Limited Access in Court Cases; Order for Limited Access); 35 P.S. § 780-119 for expungement procedures under the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act; and for expungement procedures in summary cases satisfying the requirements of 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4) regarding complete acquittals, see Rule 490.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Summary Cases; Expungement Order).
Source The provisions of this Rule 790.2 added June 14, 2023, effective April 1, 2024, 53 Pa.B. 3403.
Rule 791. Procedure for Obtaining Order for Limited Access in Court Cases; Order for Limited Access.
(a) Petition for Order for Limited Access.
(1) Pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122.1, an individual who satisfies the statutory requirements for obtaining an order for limited access may request an order that limits the dissemination of his or her criminal history record information by filing a petition with the clerk of the courts of the judicial district in which the charges were disposed.
(2) The petition shall set forth:
(i) the petitioner’s name and any aliases that the petitioner has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas, magisterial district judge, or Philadelphia Municipal Court judge who accepted the guilty plea or heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint, if available;
(iv) the court of common pleas docket number, magisterial district court docket number, or the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be subject to limited access;
(viii) the disposition, whether the fee previously authorized to carry out the limited access and clean slate limited access provisions has been paid, and, if the sentence includes restitution, whether the amount due for restitution has been paid;
(ix) the reason(s) for the order for limited access;
(x) a statement that the case qualifies for a limited access order and none of the exceptions under 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122.1(b) are applicable; and
(xi) a verification by the petitioner that facts set forth in the petition are true and correct to the best of the petitioner’s personal knowledge or information and belief. The verification may be by a sworn affidavit or by an unsworn written statement that the facts are verified subject to the penalties for unsworn falsification to authorities under the Crimes Code § 4904, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(3) Unless the attorney for the Commonwealth agrees to waive this requirement, a current copy of the petitioner’s Pennsylvania State Police criminal history report shall be attached to the petition. The copy shall be obtained from the Pennsylvania State Police within 60 days before filing the petition. Absent a waiver by the attorney for the Commonwealth, the court shall not rule upon the petition until the Pennsylvania State Police criminal history report is filed.
(4) A copy of the petition shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing.
(b) Objections; Hearing.
(1) Within 30 days after service of the petition, the attorney for the Commonwealth shall file a consent or objection to the petition or take no action. The attorney for the Commonwealth’s consent or objection shall be filed with the clerk of courts, and copies shall be served on the petitioner’s attorney, or the petitioner if unrepresented.
(2) Upon receipt of the attorney for the Commonwealth’s response, or no later than 14 days after the expiration of the 30-day period in subdivision (b)(1), the judge of the court of common pleas shall grant or deny the petition or shall schedule a hearing.
(3) At the hearing, if any, the parties shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. Following the hearing, the judge promptly shall enter an order granting or denying the petition.
(4) If the judge grants the petition for limited access, the judge shall enter an order directing that the petitioner’s criminal record history information that is subject to the limited access order shall not be disseminated to an individual, a noncriminal justice agency, or an internet website and that dissemination of the petitioner’s criminal record history be limited only to a criminal justice agency or government agency as provided in 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122.1.
(i) The order shall contain the information required in subdivision (c).
(ii) Except when the attorney for the Commonwealth has filed a consent to the petition pursuant to subdivision (b)(1), the order shall be stayed for 30 days pending an appeal. If a timely notice of appeal is filed, the order for limited access is stayed pending the disposition of the appeal and further order of court.
(5) If the judge denies the petition for an order of limited access, the judge shall enter an order denying the petition and stating the reasons for the denial.
(6) If the judge grants the petition for an order of limited access, the petition and order are subject to limited access.
(c) Order.
(1) Every order for limited access shall include:
(i) the petitioner’s name and any aliases that the petitioner has used, address, date of birth, and social security number;
(ii) the name and address of the judge of the court of common pleas, magisterial district judge, or Philadelphia Municipal Court judge who accepted the guilty plea or heard the case;
(iii) the name and mailing address of the affiant as shown on the complaint, if available;
(iv) the court of common pleas docket number, magisterial district court docket number, or the Philadelphia Municipal Court docket number, whichever applies;
(v) the offense tracking number (OTN);
(vi) the date on the complaint, or the date of arrest, and, if available, the criminal justice agency that made the arrest;
(vii) the specific charges, as they appear on the charging document, to be subject to limited access;
(viii) the disposition, whether the fee previously authorized to carry out the limited access and clean slate limited access provisions has been paid, and, if the sentence includes restitution, whether the amount due for restitution has been paid;
(ix) the reason(s) for the order for limited access;
(x) a statement that the case qualifies for a limited access order and none of the exceptions under 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122.1(b) are applicable; and
(xi) the criminal justice agencies upon which certified copies of the order shall be served.
Additional information shall not be required by local rule or practice.
(2) The clerk of courts shall serve a certified copy of the order to each criminal justice agency identified in the court’s order and to all other entities required to be notified by statute.
Comment: Section 9122.1 of the Criminal Code provides for an order limiting dissemination of a record of a criminal conviction for a misdemeanor of the second degree, a misdemeanor of the third degree, or an ungraded misdemeanor which carries a maximum penalty of no more than two years only to a criminal justice agency or government agency. This rule, adopted in 2016, provides the procedures for requesting and ordering an order for limited access as provided in the statute.
This rule sets forth the only information that must be included in every petition and order for limited access.
The petition must be filed with the clerk of courts of the judicial district in which the charges that are the subject of the petition were disposed. The petition must be decided by a judge of the court of common pleas, even if the charges that are the subject of the petition were disposed by a magisterial district judge or Philadelphia Municipal Court judge.
Subdivision (a)(3) requires the petitioner to attach a copy of his or her criminal history report to the petition. The attorney for the Commonwealth may waive the requirement that the criminal history report be attached to the petition. The Commonwealth’s agreement to the waiver may be made orally or in writing, or averred in the petition.
A form petition and form order for limited access has been created by the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts, in consultation with the Committee, and is available at the following website: http://www.pacourts.us/forms/for-the-public.
‘‘Petition,’’ as used in this rule, is a ‘‘motion’’ for purposes of Rules 575, 576, and 577.
The ‘‘reason for the order for limited access’’ in subdivisions (a)(2)(ix) and (c)(1)(ix) means, for example, the defendant’s freedom from arrest or prosecution for 10 years.
For the procedures for filing and service of petitions, see Rule 576.
For the procedures for filing and service of orders, see Rule 114.
When a summons instead of an arrest warrant is issued pursuant to Rule 519, the date of the summons constitutes the ‘‘date of arrest’’ for purposes of subdivision (a)(2)(vi).
For purposes of this rule, ‘‘criminal justice agency’’ includes police departments, county detectives, and other law enforcement agencies. See also 18 Pa.C.S. § 9102. For the definition of ‘‘government agency,’’ see 18 Pa.C.S. § 9121(b.1) and (b.2).
Nothing in this rule is intended to alter procedures regarding expungement. See Rule 320 (Procedure for Expungement Upon Successful Completion of ARD Program); Rule 490 (Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Summary Cases; Expungement Order); Rule 790 (Procedure for Obtaining Expungement in Court Cases; Expungement Order); 35 P.S. § 780-119 for expungement procedures under the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act; and for expungement procedures in cases satisfying the requirements of 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122(a)(4) regarding complete acquittals, see Rule 490.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Summary Cases; Expungement Order) and Rule 790.2 (Procedure for Expungement of Acquittals in Court Cases; Expungement Order).
Concerning standing, see In Re Administrative Order No. 1-MD-2003, 936 A.2d 1 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. J.H., 759 A.2d 1269 (Pa. 2000).
Source The provisions of this Rule 791 adopted November 9, 2016, effective November 14, 2016, 46 Pa.B. 7439; amended June 14, 2023, effective April 1, 2024, 53 Pa.B. 3403. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (384777) to (384780).
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