Rule 456. Default Procedures: Restitution, Fines, and Costs.
(A) When a defendant advises the issuing authority that a default on a single remittance or installment payment of restitution, fines, or costs is imminent, the issuing authority may schedule a hearing on the defendant’s ability to pay. If a new payment schedule is ordered, the order shall state the date on which each payment is due, and the defendant shall be given a copy of the order.
(B) If a defendant defaults on the payment of fines and costs, or restitution, as ordered, the issuing authority shall notify the defendant in person or by first class mail that, unless within 10 days of the date on the default notice, the defendant pays the amount due as ordered, or appears before the issuing authority to explain why the defendant should not be imprisoned for nonpayment as provided by law, a warrant for the defendant’s arrest may be issued.
(C) If the defendant appears pursuant to the 10-day notice in paragraph (B) or following an arrest for failing to respond to the 10-day notice in paragraph (B), the issuing authority shall conduct a hearing immediately to determine whether the defendant is financially able to pay as ordered.
(1) If the hearing cannot be held immediately, the issuing authority shall release the defendant on recognizance unless the issuing authority has reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant will not appear, in which case, the issuing authority may set collateral as provided in Rule 523.
(2) If collateral is set, the issuing authority shall state in writing the reason(s) why any collateral other than release on recognizance has been set and the facts that support a determination that the defendant has the ability to pay monetary collateral.
(3) If collateral is set and the defendant does not post collateral, the defendant shall not be detained without a hearing longer than 72 hours or the close of the next business day if the 72 hours expires on a non-business day.
(D) When a defendant appears pursuant to the notice in paragraph (B) or pursuant to an arrest warrant issued for failure to respond to the notice as provided in paragraph (C):
(1) upon a determination that the defendant is financially able to pay as ordered, the issuing authority may impose any sanction provided by law.
(2) Upon a determination that the defendant is financially unable to pay as ordered, the issuing authority may order a schedule or reschedule for installment payments, or alter or amend the order as otherwise provided by law.
(3) At the conclusion of the hearing, the issuing authority shall:
(a) if the issuing authority has ordered a schedule of installment payments or a new schedule of installment payments, state the date on which each installment payment is due;
(b) advise the defendant of the right to appeal within 30 days for a hearing de novo in the court of common pleas, and that if an appeal is filed:
(i) the execution of the order will be stayed and the issuing authority may set bail or collateral; and
(ii) the defendant must appear for the hearing de novo in the court of common pleas or the appeal may be dismissed;
(c) if a sentence of imprisonment has been imposed, direct the defendant to appear for the execution of sentence on a date certain unless the defendant files a notice of appeal within the 30-day period; and
(d) issue a written order imposing sentence, signed by the issuing authority. The order shall include the information specified in paragraphs (D)(3)(a) through (D)(3)(c), and a copy of the order shall be given to the defendant.
(E) A defendant may appeal an issuing authority’s determination pursuant to this rule by filing a notice of appeal within 30 days of the issuing authority’s order. The appeal shall proceed as provided in Rules 460, 461, and 462.
Comment The purpose of this rule is to provide the procedures governing defaults in the payment of restitution, fines, and costs.
Although most of this rule concerns the procedures followed by the issuing authority after a default occurs, paragraph (A) makes it clear that a defendant should be encouraged to seek a modification of the payment order when the defendant knows default is likely, but before it happens. For fines and costs, see 42 Pa.C.S. § 9730(b)(3).
An issuing authority may at any time alter or amend an order of restitution. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(2) and (3).
When a defendant defaults on a payment of restitution, fines, or costs, paragraph (B) requires the issuing authority to notify the defendant of the default, and to provide the defendant with an opportunity to pay the amount due or appear within 10 days to explain why the defendant should not be imprisoned for nonpayment. Notice by first class mail is considered complete upon mailing to the defendant’s last known address. See Rule 430(B)(4).
Except in cases under the Public School Code of 1949, 24 P.S. § 1-102, et seq., in which the defendant is at least 15 years of age but not yet 17, if the defendant is under 18 years of age, the notice in paragraph (B) must inform the defendant and defendant’s parents, guardian, or other custodian that, if payment is not received or the defendant does not appear within the 10-day time period, the issuing authority will certify notice of the failure to pay to the court of common pleas as required by the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302, definition of ‘‘delinquent act,’’ paragraph (2)(iv), and the case will proceed pursuant to the Rules of Juvenile Court Procedure and the Juvenile Act instead of these rules.
If the defendant is charged with a violation of the compulsory attendance requirements of the Public School Code of 1949, 24 P.S. § 1-102, et seq.; has attained the age of 15 but is not yet 17; and has failed to pay the fine, the issuing authority must issue the notice required by paragraph (B) to the defendant and the defendant’s parents, guardian, or other custodian informing the defendant and defendant’s parents, guardian, or other custodian that, if payment is not received or the defendant does not appear within the 10-day time period, the issuing authority may refer the defendant for commencement of dependency proceedings under 42 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a)(1). See 24 P.S. § 13-1333.3(f)(2) that provides for the adoption of a local policy for the referral of a case where a child has failed to satisfy a fine or costs to a juvenile probation officer for the commencement of dependency proceedings.
If the defendant is 18 years or older when the default in payment occurs, the issuing authority must proceed under these rules.
Pursuant to paragraph (C), the issuing authority must conduct a default hearing when a defendant responds to the 10-day notice as provided in paragraph (B), or when the defendant is arrested for failing to respond to the 10-day notice. If the default hearing cannot be held immediately, the issuing authority may set collateral as provided in Rule 523. However, the issuing authority should only set monetary collateral when he or she has determined that less restrictive conditions of release will not be effective in ensuring the defendant’s appearance.
Under paragraph (D)(1), when the issuing authority determines that a defendant is able to pay as ordered, the issuing authority may, as provided by law, impose imprisonment or other sanctions. In addition, delinquent restitution, fines, or court costs may be turned over to a private collection agency. See 42 Pa.C.S. § § 9730(b)(2) and 9730.1(a).
When a defendant is in default of an installment payment, the issuing authority on his or her own motion or at the request of the defendant or the attorney for the Commonwealth must schedule a rehearing to determine the cause of the default. Before an issuing authority may impose a sentence of imprisonment as provided by law for nonpayment of restitution, fines, or costs, a hearing or rehearing must be held whenever a defendant alleges that his or her ability to pay has been diminished. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9730(b). No defendant may be sentenced to imprisonment or probation if the right to counsel was not afforded at trial. See Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654 (2002) and Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979). See also Commonwealth v. Farmer, 466 A.2d 677 (Pa. Super. 1983) (Whenever there is a likelihood in a proceeding that imprisonment will be imposed, counsel must be assigned) and (Commonwealth v. Spontarelli, 791 A.2d 1254 (Pa. Commw. 2002) (defendant is entitled to appointed counsel when tried for violation of municipal ordinance that permits imprisonment upon default of payment of the fine). See also Rules 121 and 122 (dealing with appearance or waiver of counsel).
When a rehearing is held on a payment schedule for fines or costs, the issuing authority may extend or accelerate the payment schedule, leave it unaltered, or sentence the defendant to a period of community service, as the issuing authority finds to be just and practicable under the circumstances. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9730(b)(3).
This rule contemplates that when there has been an appeal pursuant to paragraph (E), the case would return to the issuing authority who presided at the default hearing for completion of the collection process.
Nothing in this rule is intended to preclude an issuing authority from imposing punishment for indirect criminal contempt when a defendant fails to pay fines and costs in accordance with an installment payment order, 42 Pa.C.S. § § 4137(a)(4), 4138(a)(3), and 4139(a)(3), or fails to pay restitution, 42 Pa.C.S. § 4137(a)(3). Separate Rules of Criminal Procedure govern contempt adjudications. See Chapter 1 Part D.
Official Note
Adopted July 12, 1985, effective January 1, 1986; amended September 23, 1985, effective January 1, 1986; January 1, 1986 effective dates extended to July 1, 1986; Comment revised February 1, 1989, effective July 1, 1989; rescinded October 1, 1997, effective October 1, 1998. New Rule 85 adopted October 1, 1997, effective October 1, 1998; amended July 2, 1999, effective August 1, 1999; renumbered Rule 456 and amended March 1, 2000, effective April 1, 2001; Comment revised August 7, 2003, effective July 1, 2004; amended March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004; Comment revised April 1, 2005, effective October 1, 2005; Comment revised September 21, 2012, effective November 1, 2012; Comment revised January 17, 2013, effective May 1, 2013; amended April 10, 2015, effective July 10, 2015; Comment revised December 21, 2018, effective May 1, 2019.
Committee Explanatory Reports:
Final Report explaining the new rule published with the Court’s Order at 27 Pa.B. 5414 (October 18, 1997).
Final Report explaining the July 2, 1999 amendments to paragraph (C) published with the Court’s Order at 29 Pa.B. 3718 (July 17, 1999).
Final Report explaining the March 1, 2000 reorganization and renumbering of the rules published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1478 (March 18, 2000).
Final Report explaining the August 7, 2003 changes to the Comment concerning failure to pay and juveniles published with the Court’s Order at 33 Pa.B. 4293 (August 30, 2003).
Final Report explaining the March 3, 2004 amendment to paragraph (B) published with the Court’s Order at 34 Pa.B. 1561 (March 20, 2004).
Final Report explaining the April 1, 2005 Comment revision concerning application of the Juvenile Court Procedural Rules published with the Court’s Order at 35 Pa.B. 2213 (April 16, 2005).
Final Report explaining the September 21, 2012 Comment revision correcting the typographical error in the fourth paragraph published with the Court’s Order at 42 Pa.B. 6251 (October 6, 2012).
Final Report explaining the January 17, 2013 revisions of the Comment concerning the Public School Code of 1949 published with the Court’s Order at 43 Pa.B. 656 (February 2, 2013).
Final Report explaining the April 10, 2015 amendments concerning the setting of collateral published with the Court’s Order at 45 Pa.B. 2045 (April 25, 2015).
Final Report explaining the December 21, 2018 revision of the Comment concerning commencement of dependency proceedings published with the Court’s Order at 49 Pa.B. 196 (January 12, 2019).
Source The provisions of this Rule 456 amended August 7, 2003, effective July 1, 2004, 33 Pa.B. 4289; amended March 3, 2004, effective July 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 1547; amended April 1, 2005, effective October 1, 2005, 35 Pa.B. 2210; amended September 21, 2012, effective November 1, 2012, 42 Pa.B. 6247; amended January 17, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 654; amended April 10, 2015, effective July 10, 2015, 45 Pa.B. 2040; amended December 21, 2018, effective May 1, 2019, 49 Pa.B. 190. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (382195) to (382196) and (376771) to (376772).
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